Spread spectrum clock and reference signal generator

• US 7,719,371 B2
• Filed: 12/30/2007
• Issued: 05/18/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 03/22/2004
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Integrated Device Technology Incorporated (Renesas Electronics Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Integrated Device Technology Incorporated (Renesas Electronics Corporation)
• Inventors: Marsman, Eric, McCorquodale, Michael Shannon, Pernia, Scott Michael, Carichner, Gordon
• Primary Examiner(s): MIS, DAVID C
• Application Number:
  US11/967,234
• Publication Number:
  US 20080100350A1
• Time in Patent Office: 870 Days
• Field of Search: 331/1.A, 331 16- 18, 331/25, 331/36.C, 331/44, 331/78, 331/117.R, 331/117.FE, 331/117.D, 331/177.R, 331/177.V, 331/179, 331/181, 331/185, 331/186
• US Class Current: 331/78
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 2200/005 including measures to switch a capacitor
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1215 the current source or degeneration circuit being in common to both transistors of the pair, e.g. a cross-coupled long-tailed pair
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1228 the amplifier comprising one or more field effect transistors
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1243 the means comprising voltage variable capacitance diodes
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1253 the transistors being field-effect transistors
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1265 switched capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1287 the parameter being a quality factor, e.g. Q factor of the frequency determining element
• CPC Class Codes: H03B 5/1293 having means for achieving a desired tuning characteristic, e.g. linearising the frequency characteristic across the tuning voltage range
• CPC Class Codes: H03L 5/00 Automatic control of voltage, current, or power

Abstract

Exemplary embodiments of the invention provide a system, method and apparatus for spread spectrum functionality for a free-running, reference harmonic oscillator. In an exemplary embodiment, an apparatus comprises a reference oscillator adapted to provide a reference signal having a reference frequency; and a spread spectrum controller adapted to control the reference oscillator to generate a spread-spectrum reference signal at a plurality of different reference frequencies during a predetermined or selected time period. An exemplary apparatus may also include a coefficient register adapted to store a plurality of coefficients and a plurality of controlled reactance modules responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to modify an amount of reactance effectively coupled to the reference oscillator. An exemplary spread spectrum controller is further adapted to sequentially modify the plurality of coefficients during the predetermined time period to provide the spread spectrum reference signal.

Claims

1. An apparatus, comprising:

a reference oscillator to provide a reference signal having a reference frequency;

a coefficient register to store a plurality of coefficients;

a plurality of controlled reactance modules coupled to the coefficient register, each controlled reactance module responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to modify an effective reactance of the reference oscillator; and

a spread spectrum controller comprising a counter and a state machine, the counter to provide a plurality of time interval counts and the state machine, in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts, to select or modify a plurality of coefficients from the coefficient register to generate a spread spectrum reference signal at a plurality of different reference frequencies over a predetermined time period.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify a spread spectrum parameter of the reference oscillator to modify the reference frequency.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the spread spectrum parameter is at least one of the following spread spectrum parameters:

the effective reactance, a control voltage, an oscillation amplitude, a common mode voltage, or a transconductance.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum reference signal is configurable to have a selected spread spectrum profile having a spreading direction, a depth of spreading, and a spreading modulation rate or period.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify the effective reactance by switching a capacitance of the plurality of controlled reactance modules to or from the reference oscillator.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify the effective reactance by selecting or modifying a plurality of coefficients to control switching of a capacitance of the plurality of controlled reactance modules to or from the reference oscillator.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of controlled reactance modules comprises at least one varactor, and wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify the effective reactance by modifying a control voltage of the varactor.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to select or modify the plurality of coefficients to modify the control voltage.

9. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the reference oscillator further comprises a control voltage generator having a variable resistance, and wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify the control voltage by varying the variable resistance.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify the effective reactance by switching an inductance to or from the reference oscillator.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify an effective impedance of the reference oscillator.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify an effective resistance of the reference oscillator.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify an amplitude of the reference signal of the reference oscillator.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify the amplitude by modifying a current of the reference oscillator.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify a common mode voltage of the reference oscillator.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify the common mode voltage by modifying a current of the reference oscillator.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify a current of the reference oscillator by modifying a reference voltage.

18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify a divide ratio of the reference signal of the reference oscillator.

19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to modify a transconductance of the reference oscillator.

20. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to select or modify at least one coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to control the reference oscillator to generate the spread-spectrum reference signal.

21. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each controlled reactance module comprises a capacitance, an inductance, and/or a resistance.

22. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each controlled reactance module comprises one or more capacitors, each capacitor having a single predetermined unit of capacitance.

23. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each controlled reactance module comprises one or more capacitors and a resistor, each capacitor having a single predetermined unit of capacitance.

24. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the effective reactance is modified by switching a controlled reactance module to or from the reference oscillator in response to the corresponding coefficient.

25. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the reference oscillator further comprises a control voltage generator, and wherein the effective reactance is modified by changing a control voltage, in response to the corresponding coefficient, to a controlled reactance module coupled to the reference oscillator.

26. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread spectrum controller is coupled to the coefficient register and further is to sequentially modify the plurality of coefficients during the predetermined time period to provide the spread-spectrum reference signal.

27. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each controlled reactance module of the plurality of controlled reactance modules is responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to modify an amount of reactance coupled to the reference oscillator.

28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to increment or decrement the plurality of coefficients to modify the reference frequency.

29. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the plurality of controlled reactance modules is linearly responsive to the plurality of coefficients to modify substantially linearly the amount of reactance coupled to the reference oscillator.

30. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

a memory to store a plurality of increment values; and

wherein the spread spectrum controller further comprises an adder; and

wherein the state machine, in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts, is to signal the adder to add a corresponding increment value, of the plurality of increment values, to the plurality of coefficients to provide a next plurality of coefficients to the coefficient register.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the state machine further is to modify or select the increment value, of the plurality of increment values, in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts.

32. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spread-spectrum reference signal has at least one of the following types of spread spectrum profiles:

a triangular spread spectrum profile, a sinusoidal spread spectrum profile, an exponential spread spectrum profile, or a dual-inflection spread spectrum profile.

33. An apparatus, comprising:

a reference resonator to provide a reference signal having a resonant frequency;

a coefficient register to store a plurality of coefficients;

a plurality of controlled reactance modules coupled to the reference resonator and to the coefficient register; and

a spread spectrum controller coupled to the coefficient register, the spread spectrum controller comprising a counter and a state machine, the counter to provide a plurality of time interval counts; and

the state machine, in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts, to select or modify a plurality of coefficients from the coefficient register to provide the reference signal at a plurality of different resonant frequencies during a selected or predetermined time period.

34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein each controlled reactance module of the plurality of controlled reactance modules is responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to modify an amount of reactance coupled to the reference resonator.

35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to increment or decrement the at least one coefficient to modify the resonant frequency.

36. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to sequentially increment and sequentially decrement the at least one coefficient to provide a triangular spread spectrum profile.

37. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to increment or decrement the at least one coefficient to modify the resonant frequency and provide the plurality of different resonant frequencies having a selected spread spectrum profile during the selected time period.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the selected spread spectrum profile is at least one of the following types of spread spectrum profiles:

a triangular spread spectrum profile, a sinusoidal spread spectrum profile, an exponential spread spectrum profile, or a dual-inflection spread spectrum profile.

39. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein the plurality of controlled reactance modules is substantially linearly responsive to the plurality of coefficients to modify substantially linearly the amount of reactance coupled to the reference resonator.

40. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein a controlled reactance module of the plurality of controlled reactance modules is responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to switch a corresponding reactance to the reference resonator.

41. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein a controlled reactance module of the plurality of controlled reactance modules is responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to switch a corresponding reactance to a control voltage.

42. The apparatus of claim 34, further comprising a control voltage generator, and wherein the control voltage generator is responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to modify a control voltage for a corresponding controlled reactance module of the plurality of controlled reactance modules.

43. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the plurality of controlled reactance modules further comprises:

a plurality of switchable capacitive modules coupled to the coefficient register and to the reference resonator, each switchable capacitive module having a fixed capacitance and a variable capacitance, each switchable capacitive module responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to switch between the fixed capacitance and the variable capacitance and to switch each variable capacitance to a control voltage.

44. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein the plurality of controlled reactance modules further comprises:

a plurality of switchable resistive modules coupled to the coefficient register, each switchable resistive module responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to switch the switchable resistive module to a control voltage or to the reference resonator.

45. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the plurality of controlled reactance modules further comprises:

a plurality of switchable capacitive modules coupled to the coefficient register and to the reference resonator, each switchable capacitive module having a first fixed capacitance and a second fixed capacitance, each switchable capacitive module responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of calibration coefficients to switch between the first fixed capacitance and the second fixed capacitance.

46. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the plurality of controlled reactance modules further comprises:

an array having a plurality of switchable variable capacitive modules coupled to the coefficient register and to the reference resonator, each switchable variable capacitive module responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of calibration coefficients to switch between a first voltage and a second voltage.

47. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein at least one of the first voltage and second voltage is a fixed voltage.

48. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein at least one of the first voltage and second voltage is a variable voltage.

49. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the plurality of controlled reactance modules further comprises:

an array having a plurality of variable capacitive modules coupled to the reference resonator and to a control voltage.

50. The apparatus of claim 49, wherein the control voltage is variable in response to the plurality of coefficients.

51. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the plurality of controlled reactance modules further comprises:

a plurality of switchable capacitive modules coupled to the coefficient register and to the reference resonator, each switchable capacitive module responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of calibration coefficients to switch to or from the reference resonator.

52. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein each switchable capacitive module comprises one or more capacitors, each capacitor having a single predetermined unit of capacitance.

53. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein each switchable capacitive module comprises one or more capacitors and a resistor, each capacitor having a single predetermined unit of capacitance.

54. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the spread spectrum controller further comprises an adder;

and wherein the state machine, in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts, is to signal the adder to add an increment value to the plurality of coefficients to provide a next plurality of coefficients to the coefficient register.

55. The apparatus of claim 54, wherein the plurality of time interval counts are determined by counting successive rising or falling edges of the reference signal.

56. The apparatus of claim 54, further comprising a memory to store a plurality of increment values corresponding to a plurality of predetermined time interval counts to form a spread spectrum profile.

57. The apparatus of claim 56, wherein the state machine further, in response to each predetermined time interval count of the plurality of predetermined time interval counts, is to signal the adder to add a corresponding increment value, of the plurality of increment values, to the plurality of coefficients to provide a next plurality of coefficients to the coefficient register.

58. The apparatus of claim 54, wherein the state machine further is to modify or select the increment value in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts.

59. The apparatus of claim 33, further comprising:

an input-output interface to receive a plurality of spread spectrum parameters.

60. The apparatus of claim 59, wherein the plurality of spread spectrum parameters comprises at least two of the following parameters:

a spreading direction, a depth of spreading, and a spreading modulation rate or period.

61. The apparatus of claim 33, further comprising:

a second oscillator coupled to the spread spectrum controller and to provide a clock signal at a substantially fixed frequency.

62. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the state machine comprises a finite state machine and wherein the spread spectrum controller further comprises combinational logic circuitry.

63. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the spread spectrum controller comprises a processor having the counter and the state machine.

64. The apparatus of claim 33, further comprising:

a frequency divider coupled to the reference resonator, the frequency divider to divide the resonant frequency by a rational number into a plurality of second signals having a corresponding plurality of frequencies, the plurality of frequencies substantially equal to or lower than the resonant frequency.

74. The method of claim 43, wherein the modifying step further comprises:

sequentially modifying the plurality of coefficients during the predetermined time period to provide the spread-spectrum reference signal.

65. A spread spectrum clock generator comprising:

a reference oscillator to provide a reference signal having a reference frequency;

a coefficient register to store a plurality of coefficients;

a plurality of controlled reactance modules coupled to the reference oscillator and to the coefficient register, each controlled reactance module responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to modify an amount of effective reactance coupled to the reference oscillator; and

a spread spectrum controller comprising a counter, an adder and a state machine, the counter to provide a plurality of time interval counts and the state machine, in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts, to select or modify a plurality of coefficients from the coefficient register to control the reference oscillator to generate a reference signal at a plurality of different reference frequencies.

66. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein the spread spectrum controller further is to signal the adder to increment or decrement the plurality of coefficients to modify the reference frequency.

67. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein the plurality of controlled reactance modules is linearly responsive to the plurality of coefficients to modify substantially linearly the amount of reactance coupled to the reference oscillator.

68. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein a controlled reactance module of the plurality of controlled reactance modules is responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to switch a corresponding reactance to the reference oscillator or to switch a corresponding reactance to a control voltage.

69. The apparatus of claim 65, further comprising a control voltage generator coupled to the plurality of controlled reactance modules, wherein the control voltage generator is responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to modify a control voltage for a corresponding reactance.

70. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein the reference signal has at least one of the following types of spread spectrum profiles:

a triangular spread spectrum profile, a sinusoidal spread spectrum profile, an exponential spread spectrum profile, or a dual-inflection spread spectrum profile.

71. The apparatus of claim 65, wherein the coefficient register is a memory to also store a plurality of increment values, and wherein the state machine, in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts, is to signal the adder to add a corresponding increment value, of the plurality of increment values, to the plurality of coefficients to provide a next plurality of coefficients to the coefficient register.

72. The apparatus of claim 71, wherein the state machine further is to modify or select the increment value, of the plurality of increment values, in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts.

73. A method of spread-spectrum clock generation, comprising:

generating a reference signal from a reference oscillator;

counting the reference signal to provide a plurality of time interval counts; and

modifying a plurality of coefficients to modify an amount of reactance effectively coupled to the reference oscillator at a plurality of predetermined time interval counts of the plurality of time interval counts to generate a spread-spectrum reference signal at a plurality of different reference frequencies during a predetermined time period.

75. The method of claim 73, wherein the modifying step further comprises:

responding to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to modify an amount of reactance coupled to the reference oscillator.

76. The method of claim 73, wherein the modifying step further comprises:

switching a corresponding reactance to the reference oscillator or switching a corresponding reactance to a control voltage.

77. The method of claim 73, wherein the modifying step further comprises:

incrementing or decrementing the plurality of coefficients to modify the reference frequency.

78. The method of claim 73, wherein the modifying step further comprises:

modifying a control voltage during the predetermined time period to provide the spread-spectrum reference signal.

79. The method of claim 73, wherein the modifying step further comprises:

modifying a current of the reference oscillator during the predetermined time period to provide the spread-spectrum reference signal.

80. The method of claim 73, wherein the modifying step further comprises:

modifying an oscillation amplitude of the reference signal during the predetermined time period to provide the spread-spectrum reference signal.

81. The method of claim 73, wherein the modifying step further comprises:

modifying a common mode voltage of the reference oscillator during the predetermined time period to provide the spread-spectrum reference signal.

82. The method of claim 73, wherein the modifying step further comprises:

modifying a divide ratio of the reference oscillator during the predetermined time period to provide the spread-spectrum reference signal.

83. The method of claim 73, further comprising:

restoring an initial plurality of coefficients to generate the reference signal having a calibrated, staffing or center reference frequency.

84. The method of claim 73, wherein the modifying step further comprises:

determining an increment value, of a plurality of increment values, corresponding to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts; and

in response to the predetermined time interval count, incrementing or decrementing the plurality of coefficients.

85. A spread spectrum controller couplable to a reference oscillator, the reference oscillator to provide a reference signal having a reference frequency, the spread spectrum controller comprising:

a memory to store a plurality of coefficients and a plurality of increment values; and

a controller comprising a counter, an adder and a state machine, the counter to provide a plurality of time interval counts, and the state machine, in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts, to signal the adder to add a corresponding increment value, of the plurality of increment values, to the plurality of coefficients to provide a next plurality of coefficients to the coefficient register to control the reference oscillator to generate a spread-spectrum reference signal at a plurality of different reference frequencies during a predetermined time period.

86. The spread spectrum controller of claim 85, wherein a plurality of controlled reactance modules are coupled to the reference oscillator and responsive to a corresponding coefficient of the plurality of coefficients to modify an amount of effective reactance coupled to the reference oscillator, and wherein the controller further is to sequentially modify the plurality of coefficients during the predetermined time period to provide the spread-spectrum reference signal.

87. The spread spectrum controller of claim 85, wherein the controller further is to decrement the plurality of coefficients to modify the reference frequency.

88. The spread spectrum controller of claim 85, wherein the state machine further is to modify or select the increment value, of the plurality of increment values, in response to a predetermined time interval count of the plurality of time interval counts.