Robust anchoring of annotations to content

• US 7,747,943 B2
• Filed: 09/07/2001
• Issued: 06/29/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 09/07/2001
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC (Microsoft Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Microsoft Corporation
• Inventors: Gupta, Anoop, Brush, Alice Jane Bernheim, Bargeron, David M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Hutton; Doug
• Assistant Examiner(s): Tran; Quoc A
• Application Number:
  US09/949,028
• Publication Number:
  US 20040205542A1
• Time in Patent Office: 3,217 Days
• Field of Search: 379/93.24, 715/512, 715/517, 715234-240, 382/173
• US Class Current: 715/235
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 40/169 Annotation, e.g. comment data or footnotes

Abstract

Annotations are robustly anchored to content. The robust anchoring allows annotations to be associated with the content independently of the format used to store the content. The annotations can be re-anchored to the content after the content has been modified, including modifications to the format used to store the content.

Claims

1. A method in a computer system of anchoring an annotation to content, the method comprising:

receiving an indication of a portion of the content;

capturing by the computer system one or more features describing a beginning of the portion of the content;

capturing by the computer system one or more features describing an ending of the portion of the content;

capturing by the computer system one or more features describing a region between the beginning of the portion and the ending of the portion;

generating by the computer system a histogram that identifies, for each word in the content, a frequency of occurrence of the word within the content, wherein the frequency of occurrence indicates the number of times the word appears in the content, and wherein the histogram is generated once for the content;

associating by the computer system the annotation with the captured features,

wherein the one or more features describing the region between the beginning of the portion and the ending of the portion comprise;

an indication of one or more keywords in the region, wherein the keywords are selected by, using the generated histogram;

identifying, for each word in the region, the frequency of occurrence of the word within the content, and

selecting as the keywords one or more words in the region having lowest frequencies of occurrence within the content, and

for each of the one or more keywords, a distance from the beginning of the portion to the keyword, and a distance from the keyword to the ending of the portion.

2. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the captured features are independent of the format in which the content is stored.

3. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising storing the captured features independently from the content.

4. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more features describing the beginning of the portion of the content comprise an offset indicating the location of a beginning point of the portion relative to a particular point in the content.

5. A method as recited in claim 4, wherein the particular point in the content comprises the beginning of the content.

6. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more features describing the beginning of the portion of the content comprise one or more characters of the content at a beginning point of the portion that either precede the beginning point or succeed the beginning point.

7. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more features describing the beginning of the portion of the content comprise a hash value generated from hashing one or more characters of the content located at the beginning of the portion.

8. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more features describing the ending of the portion of the content comprise an offset indicating the location of an ending point relative to a particular point in the content.

9. A method as recited in claim 8, wherein the particular point in the content comprises the beginning of the content.

10. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more features describing the ending of the portion of the content comprise one or more characters of the content at an ending point of the portion that either precede the ending point or succeed the ending point.

11. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more features describing the ending of the portion of the content comprise a hash value generated from hashing one or more characters of the content located at the ending of the portion.

12. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the one or more features describing the region between the beginning of the portion and the ending of the portion comprise a length of the portion.

13. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the beginning of the portion, the ending of the portion, and the portion are explicitly identified by a user.

14. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:

identifying that the annotation corresponds to the portion of the content based on the received indication of the portion of the content, wherein the received indication is an implicit indication of the portion of the content.

15. A method as recited in claim 14, wherein the identifying comprises:

identifying a paragraph of the content based on a mark made by the user; and

using the paragraph as the portion of the content to which the annotation corresponds.

16. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the content comprises one or more of:

text content, image content, video content, and audio content.

17. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the annotation includes one or more of:

text content, video content, image content, and audio content.

18. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising capturing one or more features describing an intermediate point of the portion of the content.

19. A method as recited in claim 18, wherein the one or more features describing the intermediate point comprise one or more characters of the content that either precede the intermediate point or succeed the intermediate point.

20. A method as recited in claim 18, wherein the one or more features describing the intermediate point comprise hash values generated from hashing one or more characters of the content located at the intermediate point.

21. A computing device having a processor and memory comprising:

an annotation marking engine configured to anchor an annotation to a portion of content, the annotation marking engine including,

a receiving module to receive an indication of the portion of content to which the annotation is to be anchored,

a beginning capture module to capture one or more features describing a beginning of the portion of content,

an ending capture module to capture one or more features describing an ending of the portion of content, and

a region capture module to;

generate a histogram that identifies, for each word in the content, a frequency of occurrence of the word within the content, wherein the frequency of occurrence indicates the number of times the word appears in the content, and wherein the histogram is generated once for the content, and

capture one or more features describing a region of the portion of content, wherein the region is between the beginning of the portion of content and the ending of the portion of content, wherein the region capture module captures the one or more features by using the generated histogram to;

identify, for each word in the region, the frequency of occurrence of the word within the content, and

select one or more keywords in the region, wherein the keywords include one or more words in the region having lowest frequencies of occurrence within the content; and

an annotation locating engine configured to receive the content after the content has been modified such that the portion of content has been revised, and further configured to identify a candidate portion of the modified content to which the annotation is to be anchored, the annotation locating engine including;

a candidate portion determination module to identify one or more candidate portions of the modified content for anchoring the annotation and to generate a score for each of the one or more candidate portions based on a comparison of the captured features to which the annotation was anchored and the identified one or more candidate portions;

a score comparator module to;

determine which of the one or more candidate portions the annotation is to be anchored to based at least in part on the generated score for the one or more candidate portions,

determine whether the generated score for the one or more candidate portions exceeds a threshold value, and

in response to determining that the generated score exceeds the threshold value, automatically select the candidate portion to which the annotation is to be anchored; and

a user interface module to, in response to determining that the generated score does not exceed the threshold value, query a user regarding whether at least one of the one or more candidate portions is the candidate portion to which the annotation is to be anchored,

wherein the modules are implemented as instructions stored in the memory for execution by the processor.

22. A computing device as recited in claim 21, wherein the content is stored in one format prior to being modified and stored in a different format after being modified.

23. A computing device as recited in claim 21, wherein the user interface module is further to display an interface that identifies a single candidate portion of the identified one or more candidate portions and allows the user to indicate whether the single candidate portion is the candidate portion to which the annotation is to be anchored.

24. A computing device as recited in claim 21, wherein the user interface module is further to display an interface including a portion selection input option that allows the user to cycle through displaying different ones of the identified one or more candidate portions.

25. A computing device as recited in claim 21, wherein the annotation locating engine further comprises:

a preferences module to maintain user preferences regarding one or more threshold values to be used in identifying which of the one or more candidate portions of the modified content that the annotation is to be anchored to.

26. A computing device as recited in claim 21, wherein the one or more features include a distance of each of the one or more keywords from the beginning of the portion of content to the keyword, and a distance of each of the one or more keywords to the ending of the portion of content.

27. A computing device as recited in claim 21, wherein the content comprises one or more of:

text, content, image content, video content, and audio content.

28. A computing device as recited in claim 21, wherein the annotation includes one or more of:

text content, video content, image content, and audio content.

29. A computing device as recited in claim 21, wherein the beginning of the portion of content, the ending of the portion of content, and the portion of content are explicitly identified by a user.