Devices, systems and methods for reducing the concentration of a chemical entity in fluids

• US 7,763,097 B2
• Filed: 06/08/2007
• Issued: 07/27/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 06/08/2006
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: University of Pittsburgh of The Commonwealth System of Higher Education
• Original Assignee: University of Pittsburgh of The Commonwealth System of Higher Education
• Inventors: Kaar, Joel L., Oh, Heung-Il, Russell, Alan J., Federspiel, William J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Greene; Jason M
• Application Number:
  US11/811,265
• Publication Number:
  US 20080014622A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,145 Days
• Field of Search: 96/4, 96/6, 96/8, 96/10, 96/11, 96/12, 95/45, 95/46, 95/51, 95/54, 210/640, 210/641, 210/649, 210/500.21, 210/500.27, 210/506, 604/5.01, 604/6.14, 427/535, 427/569
• US Class Current: 95/46
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/1698 Blood oxygenators with or without heat-exchangers intracorporal A61M1/1678; manufacturing of membranes therefor B01D67/00; semi-permeable membranes for separation processes characterised by their properties B01D69/00; semi-permeable membranes characterised by their material B01D71/00
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/28 Peritoneal dialysis ; Other peritoneal treatment, e.g. oxygenation
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/3623 Means for actively controlling temperature of blood
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/3679 by absorption A61M1/3675 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 19/0031 by filtration
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2257/504 Carbon dioxide
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2311/2653 Degassing
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2323/30 Cross-linking
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2325/10 Catalysts being present on the surface of the membrane or in the pores
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/1425 Regeneration of liquid absorbents
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/228 characterised by specific membranes
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/229 Integrated processes (Diffusion and at least one other process, e.g. adsorption, absorption)
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 67/009 with wave-energy, particle-radiation or plasma
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 67/0093 Chemical modification
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 67/00931 by introduction of specific groups after membrane formation, e.g. by grafting
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 69/08 Hollow fibre membranes manufacture of hollow fibres D01D5/24, D01F1/08
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 69/144 containing embedded or bound biomolecules
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 69/145 containing embedded catalysts
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 71/26 Polyalkenes
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 71/261 Polyethylene
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 71/262 : Polypropylene
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 71/70 : Polymers having silicon in the main chain, with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only
• CPC Class Codes: Y02C 20/40 : of CO2

Abstract

A device for removal of at least a portion of carbon dioxide from an aqueous fluid includes at least one membrane through which carbon dioxide can pass to be removed from the fluid and immobilized carbonic anhydrase on or in the vicinity of a first surface of the membrane to be contacted with the fluid such that the immobilized carbonic anhydrase comes into contact with the fluid. The first surface exhibits carbonic anhydrase activity of at least 20% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface of the membrane based on monolayer surface coverage of carbonic anhydrase in the case that the carbonic anhydrase is immobilize on the first surface.

Claims

1. A device for removal of at least a portion of carbon dioxide from an aqueous fluid, comprising:

at least one structure through which carbon dioxide can pass to be removed from the fluid, the structure comprising a porous layer, a gas permeable, nonporous layer adjacent a surface of the porous layer, and immobilized carbonic anhydrase on a first surface of the nonporous layer to be contacted with the fluid such that the immobilized carbonic anhydrase comes into contact with the fluid, wherein the first surface exhibits carbonic anhydrase activity of at least 20% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface of the nonporous layer based on monolayer surface coverage of carbonic anhydrase.

2. The device of claim 1 wherein the first surface exhibits carbonic anhydrase activity of at least 40% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface of the membrane based on monolayer surface coverage of carbonic anhydrase.

3. The device of claim 1 wherein the first surface exhibits carbonic anhydrase activity of at least 60% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface of the membrane based on monolayer surface coverage of carbonic anhydrase.

4. The device of claim 1 wherein the first surface exhibits carbonic anhydrase activity of at least 80% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface of the membrane based on monolayer surface coverage of carbonic anhydrase.

5. The device of claim 3 wherein the fluid is blood and the nonporous layer is formed from a polymeric material.

6. The device of claim 5 wherein the carbonic anhydrase is immobilized on the polymeric material of the nonporous layer via adsorption, covalent bonding, ionic bonding or chelation.

7. The device of claim 5 wherein the carbonic anhydrase is covalently attached to the polymeric material of the nonporous layer.

8. The device of claim 7 wherein the material of the porous layer is microporous polymeric material through which carbon dioxide can pass.

9. The device of claim 8 wherein the polymeric material of the porous layer is microporous and hydrophobic.

10. The device of claim 9 wherein the polymeric material of the porous layer is an olefinic polymeric material.

11. The device of claim 8 wherein the carbonic anhydrase is covalently attached to the first surface of the nonporous layer and the porous layer is formed as a microporous polymeric hollow fiber.

12. The device of claim 11 wherein an interior lumen of the hollow fiber is adapted to have oxygen flow therethrough, the hollow fiber being adapted to pass oxygen into the blood while carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the interior lumen of the hollow fiber.

13. The device of claim 12 wherein the nonporous layer is formed from a siloxane nonporous polymer.

14. The device of claim 12 comprising a plurality of structures, wherein each of the plurality of structures comprises a porous layer, a gas permeable, nonporous layer adjacent a surface of the porous layer and immobilized carbonic anhydrase on a first surface of the nonporous layer, and wherein the porous layer of each structure is formed as a microporous polymeric hollow fiber.

15. The device of claim 1 wherein the nonporous layer comprises a carbon-dioxide-permeable siloxane polymer.

16. The device of claim 2 wherein the aqueous fluid comprise blood and the device further comprising free carbonic anhydrase to contact the blood.

17. The device of claim 1 wherein carbon dioxide is present in the fluid in the form of bicarbonate ion.

18. The device of claim 2 wherein the device is a component of a total liquid ventilation circuit adapted to be connected to lungs.

19. The device of claim 1 wherein the fluid is an oxygenated perfluorocarbon.

20. The device of claim 2 wherein the device uses peritoneal or gastric perfusion to provide respiratory support.

21. The device of claim 2 wherein the device is a component of an artificial lung.

22. The device of claim 7 wherein the polymeric material of the nonporous layer is treated prior to immobilizing the carbonic anhydrase thereon to create reactive sites on the polymeric material of the nonporous layer for covalent attachment of the carbonic anhydrase.

23. The device of claim 22 wherein the polymeric material of the nonporous layer is treated via radio frequency plasma discharge to create reactive sites upon the polymeric material.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein the reactive sites comprise at least one of a hydroxyl group, an amine group or a carboxyl group.

25. A method for removal of at least a portion of carbon dioxide from an aqueous fluid, comprising:

placing at least one structure through which carbon dioxide can pass to be removed from the fluid in contact with the fluid, the structure comprising a porous layer, a gas permeable, nonporous layer adjacent a surface of the porous layer, and immobilized carbonic anhydrase on a first surface of the nonporous layer such that the immobilized carbonic anhydrase comes into contact with the fluid, wherein the first surface exhibits carbonic anhydrase activity of at least 20% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface of the membrane based on monolayer surface coverage of carbonic anhydrase.

26. The method of claim 25 wherein the fluid is blood and the carbonic anhydrase is immobilized on the first surface of the nonporous layer.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein the first surface exhibits carbonic anhydrase activity of at least 40% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface of the nonporous layer based on monolayer surface coverage of carbonic anhydrase.

28. The method of claim 26 wherein the first surface exhibits carbonic anhydrase activity of at least 60% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface of the nonporous layer based on monolayer surface coverage of carbonic anhydrase.

29. The method of claim 26 wherein the first surface exhibits carbonic anhydrase activity of at least 80% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface of the nonporous layer based on monolayer surface coverage of carbonic anhydrase.

30. The method of claim 28 wherein the nonporous layer is formed from a polymeric material.

31. The method of claim 30 wherein the carbonic anhydrase is immobilized on the polymeric material of the nonporous layer via adsorption, covalent bonding, ionic bonding or chelation.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein the carbonic anhydrase is covalently bonded to the polymeric material of the nonporous layer.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein carbonic anhydrase is contacted with the polymeric material of the nonporous layer to react with reactive groups on the polymeric material of the nonporous layer.

34. The method of claim 33 wherein the reactive groups on the polymeric material of the nonporous layer are reactive with amine groups on the carbonic anhydrase.

35. The method of claim 34 wherein the polymeric material of the nonporous layer is treated via radio frequency plasma discharge to create reactive sites upon the polymeric material of the nonporous layer for covalent attachment of the carbonic anhydrase.

36. The method of claim 35 wherein the reactive sites comprise at least one of a hydroxyl group, an amine group or a carboxyl group.

37. The method of claim 36 wherein the polymeric material of the nonporous layer is contacted with a cyanogen halide to react hydroxyl groups thereon with the cyanogen halide.

38. The method of claim 37 wherein carbonic anhydrase is contacted with the polymeric material of the nonporous layer after contacting cyanogen halide with the polymeric material.

39. The method of claim 38 wherein the cyanogen halide is cyanogen bromide.

40. The method of claim 35 wherein power levels during radio frequency plasma discharge and duration of radio frequency plasma discharge are maintained to prevent a significant increase in gas permeance of carbon dioxide-through the polymeric material of the nonporous layer.

41. The method of claim 40 wherein power levels during radio frequency plasma discharge and duration of radio frequency plasma discharge are maintained to prevent a significant increase in gas permeance of oxygen through the polymeric material of the nonporous layer.

42. The method of claim 32 wherein the porous layer comprises a microporous polymeric material.

43. The method of claim 42 wherein the aqueous fluid comprises blood and the porous layer is formed into a microporous hollow fiber having an interior lumen into which carbon dioxide can pass from the blood.

44. The method of claim 43 further comprising:

causing oxygen to flow through the interior lumen of the microporous hollow fiber, whereby the oxygen can passes from the interior lumen into the blood.

45. A method of manufacturing a structure for use in removal of carbon dioxide from an aqueous fluid, the structure comprising a porous layer, a gas permeable and nonporous layer adjacent a surface of the porous layer, comprising:

immobilizing carbonic anhydrase on a first surface of a polymeric material of the nonporous layer via adsorption, covalent bonding, ionic bonding or chelation such that the first surface exhibits carbonic anhydrase activity of at least 20% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface based on monolayer surface coverage of carbonic anhydrase.

46. The method of claim 45 wherein the carbonic anhydrase is covalently attached to the first surface of the polymeric material of the nonporous layer and the first surface of the polymeric material of the nonporous layer is treated prior to immobilizing the carbonic anhydrase thereon to create reactive sites on the polymeric material of the nonporous layer.

47. The method of claim 46 wherein the first surface of the polymeric material of the nonporous layer is treated via radio frequency plasma discharge to create reactive sites upon the first surface of the polymeric material of the nonporous layer.

48. The method of claim 47 wherein the reactive sites comprise at least one of a hydroxyl group, an amine group or a carboxyl group.

49. A device for removal of at least a portion of gaseous carbon dioxide from an aqueous fluid in which carbon dioxide can be reversibly converted to at least one other chemical entity, comprising:

at least one structure through which gaseous carbon dioxide can pass to be removed from the fluid and at least one surface spaced from the structure, the spaced surface comprising carbonic anhydrase immobilized thereon, the spaced surface being positioned in the vicinity of a first surface of the structure, at least a portion of the carbonic anhydrase immobilized on the spaced surface being active to convert the at least one other chemical entity to gaseous carbon dioxide in the vicinity of the first surface of the structure.

50. The device of claim 49 wherein the spaced surface upon which carbonic anhydrase is immobilized comprises a polymeric material.

51. The device of claim 50 wherein the spaced surface upon which carbonic anhydrase is immobilized comprises a metal.

52. The device of claim 51 wherein the metal is gold.

53. The device of claim 52 wherein the gold is in the form of nanoparticles.

54. A device for removal of at least a portion of chemical entity from a fluid, comprising:

at least one structure through which the chemical entity can pass as a gas to be removed from the fluid, the composite structure comprising a porous layer, a permeable, nonporous layer adjacent a surface of the porous layer, and immobilized enzyme on a first surface of the nonporous layer to be contacted with the fluid such that the immobilized enzyme comes into contact with the fluid, wherein the first surface exhibits enzyme activity of at least 20% of maximum theoretical activity of the first surface based on monolayer surface coverage of enzyme, and wherein the chemical entity is inter-convertible within the fluid to at least one other chemical entity that is not gaseous, the enzyme being adapted to catalyze a reaction of the other chemical entity to the chemical entity as a gas.