Phase and power calibration in active antennas

• US 7,764,935 B2
• Filed: 12/21/2006
• Issued: 07/27/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 12/21/2006
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Nokia Technologies Oy (Nokia Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Nokia Corporation
• Inventors: Pallonen, Jorma, Ermutlu, Murat, Heinikoski, Kauko, Leukkunen, Marko
• Primary Examiner(s): Nguyen; Duc M
• Application Number:
  US11/644,484
• Publication Number:
  US 20080153433A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,314 Days
• Field of Search: 455/103, 455/104, 455/114.1, 455/115.1, 455/123, 455/126, 455/67.11, 455/67.16, 455/272, 455/276.1
• US Class Current: 455/115.1
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2200/321 Use of a microprocessor in an amplifier circuit or its control circuit
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2200/451 the amplifier being a radio frequency amplifier
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2203/21142 Output signals of a plurality of power amplifiers are parallel combined to a common output
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 3/211 using a combination of several amplifiers H03F3/60 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 3/24 of transmitter output stages
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 1/18 Input circuits, e.g. for coupling to an antenna or a transmission line coupling networks between antennas or lines and receivers independent of the nature of the receiver H03H
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 17/21 for calibration; for correcting measurements
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 17/364 Delay profiles
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/0613 using simultaneous transmission H04B7/0686 takes precedence

Abstract

A switch is particularly advantageous for calibration of signal phase between transmitters, and other uses. The switch has a first data input adapted to input a transmit signal from a first transmitter, a first data output, at least one and preferably multiple bidirectional data ports, and a control input adapted to selectively couple in a first case the first data input to one of the bidirectional data ports, and in a second case one of the bidirectional data ports and the first data input to the first data output. By coupling one data port of the switch to a data port of another identical switch, a transmit signal from another transmitter can be ported to the first said switch, and both signals output to a feedback circuit that finds the phase difference and applies it to a new signal input to one of the transmitters. Beamforming and MIMO uses are also detailed.

Claims

1. A switch comprising:

a first data input adapted to input a transmit signal;

a first data output;

at least one bidirectional data port; and

a control input adapted to selectively couple in a first case the first data input to the bidirectional data port, and in a second case the bidirectional data port and the first data input to the first data output.

2. The switch of claim 1, comprising at least two bidirectional data ports, wherein the control input is adapted to selectively couple in the first case the first data input to any of the at least two bidirectional data ports, in the second case the first data input and any one of the bidirectional data ports to the first data output, and in a third case any one of the bidirectional data ports to any of the other bidirectional data ports.

3. The switch of claim 2, further comprising an antenna port adapted to bidirectionally couple an antenna to any of the bidirectional data ports.

4. The switch of claim 3 wherein the first data output is adapted to couple to a frequency downconverter, the switch further comprising a second data output adapted to couple to a receiver, and wherein the control input is further adapted to selectively couple in one case the antenna port to the second data output and in another case any of the data ports to the second data output.

5. The switch of claim 4, in combination with a transmitter having an output coupled to the first data input, a frequency downconverter having an input coupled to the first data output, and a receiver coupled to the second data output.

6. The switch of claim 4, wherein the said apparatus comprises a first switch, said first switch in combination with a second switch identical to said first switch, wherein a data port of said first switch is coupled to a bidirectional data port of said second switch.

7. The switch of claim 1, wherein the bidirectional data port is adapted to couple to an antenna calibration probe.

8. An array of radios, each radio comprising:

a transmitter including a phase estimation and adjustment block; and

a switch, the switch comprising;

a first data input coupled to an output of the transmitter;

a first data output coupled to an input of the phase estimation and adjustment block;

at least one bidirectional data port; and

a control input adapted to selectively couple in a first case the first data input to the bidirectional data port, and in a second case the bidirectional data port and the first data input to the first data output;

wherein a bidirectional data port of each switch is coupled to a bidirectional data port of at least one other switch;

the array of radios further comprising a processor having outputs coupled to each of the control inputs of the switches for coordinating said selective coupling, among switches that are coupled to one another via their bidirectional data ports.

9. The array of claim 8, further comprising a baseband processing engine including a field programmable gated array having inputs coupled to each of the switches'"'"' first data outputs, and further having outputs coupled to inputs of each of the switches'"'"' transmitters.

10. The array of claim 8, wherein each radio further comprises a receiver, and wherein each switch further comprises a second data output coupled to an input of the receiver;

wherein, the control input is further adapted to selectively couple the bidirectional data port to the second data output.

11. The array of claim 8 wherein each switch further comprises an antenna port and each radio further comprises an antenna element coupled to the antenna port of the radio'"'"'s switch,

and wherein the control input is further adapted to selectively couple in one case the antenna port to the bidirectional data port and in another case the antenna port to the second data output.

12. The array of claim 8 further comprising at least one antenna calibration probe having outputs coupled to the data ports of at least two switches and inputs coupled to at least two transmitters.

13. The array of claim 8 disposed within a base transceiver station.

14. A method comprising:

processing in a feedback circuit a first transmit signal from a first transmitter;

measuring a first phase of the processed first transmit signal;

processing in the feedback circuit a second transmit signal from a second transmitter;

measuring a second phase of the processed second transmit signal;

determining a phase difference between the first phase and the second phase; and

adjusting another signal input to the first transmitter using the phase difference;

wherein processing the first and second transmit signal are done simultaneously with a combined signal comprising the first and second transmit signal, and wherein measuring the first and second phases comprise comparing a phase of the combined signal to a reference value to determine the phase difference.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein measuring the first phase and the second phase is at baseband.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the combined signal is received from an antenna calibration probe.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second transmitter outputs are received wirelessly from an antenna calibration probe that is coupled to the first and second switches.

18. A method comprising:

processing in a feedback circuit a first transmit signal from a first transmitter;

measuring a first phase of the processed first transmit signal;

processing in the feedback circuit a second transmit signal from a second transmitter;

measuring a second phase of the processed second transmit signal;

determining a phase difference between the first phase and the second phase; and

adjusting another signal input to the first transmitter using the phase difference;

wherein processing the second transmit signal comprises sending to a first selective switch a first control signal that couples a bidirectional data port to the feedback circuit.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein processing the second transmit signal further comprises sending to a second selective switch, having a bidirectional data port coupled to the first switch bidirectional data port, a second control signal that couples an output of the second transmitter to the second switch bidirectional data port.

20. An apparatus comprising a processor, a switch, a transmitter, a phase estimator, a phase adjuster, and a frequency downconverter, wherein the switch comprises:

a first data input coupled to an output of the transmitter;

a first data output coupled to an input of the phase estimator through the frequency downconverter;

at least one bidirectional data port; and

a control input coupled to the processor and adapted to selectively couple in a first case the first data input to the bidirectional data port, and in a second case the bidirectional data port and the first data input to the first data output.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the switch comprises at least two bidirectional data ports, wherein the control input is adapted to selectively couple in the first case the first data input to any of the at least two bidirectional data ports, in the second case the first data input and any one of the bidirectional data ports to the first data output, and in a third case any one of the bidirectional data ports to any of the other bidirectional data ports.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising a directional coupler having one port coupled to an antenna port of the switch and an opposed port adapted to couple to an antenna, wherein the control input is further adapted to selectively couple the antenna port to any of the bidirectional data ports.

23. The apparatus of claim 22 further comprising a receiver, wherein the switch further comprises a second data output coupled to an input of the receiver, and wherein the control input is further adapted to selectively couple in one case the antenna port to the second data output and in another case any of the data ports to the second data output.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the said switch comprises a first switch and the said transmitter comprises a first transmitter, said integrated circuit further comprising an additional transmitter, an additional receiver, and an additional switch coupled to one another as the first transmitter, receiver and switch are coupled to one another, and wherein a bidirectional data port of the first switch is coupled to a bidirectional data port of the additional switch.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the first data output of both the first and second switch is coupled to an input of the same phase estimator through the same frequency downconverter.

26. The apparatus of claim 25 disposed within a base transceiver station.

27. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the bidirectional data port is adapted to couple to an antenna calibration probe.

28. A computer readable storage medium, storing a computer program of instructions that when executed cause a digital processor to execute operations directed toward selectively coupling transceivers to one another, the operations comprising:

switching a first transmit signal from a first transmitter output through a first switch to a feedback circuit;

switching a second transmit signal from a second transmitter output through a second switch to the feedback circuit via the first switch;

finding a difference in phase between the first and second transmit signals; and

adjusting phase of a signal input to one of the first and second transmitters based on the difference;

wherein switching the first and second transmit signal are done simultaneously with a combined signal comprising the first and second transmit signal, and wherein finding the difference in phase between the first and second phases comprise comparing a phase of the combined signal to a reference value to determine the phase difference.

29. The computer readable storage medium of claim 28, wherein the first and second transmit signals are at a transmit radiofrequency and finding the difference and adjusting phase are at a baseband frequency.