Output gain stage for a power amplifier

• US 7,768,350 B2
• Filed: 12/30/2008
• Issued: 08/03/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 12/30/2008
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Avago Technologies International Sales Pte Limited (Broadcom, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Javelin Semiconductor, Inc. (Broadcom, Inc.)
• Inventors: Bockelman, David E., Srinivasan, Vishnu
• Primary Examiner(s): NGUYEN, PATRICIA T
• Application Number:
  US12/317,819
• Publication Number:
  US 20100164621A1
• Time in Patent Office: 581 Days
• Field of Search: 330/253, 330/258, 330/276, 330/195
• US Class Current: 330/253
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2200/537 A transformer being used as coupling element between two amplifying stages
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 3/211 using a combination of several amplifiers H03F3/60 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 3/45183 Long tailed pairs H03F3/4521, H03F3/45237 take precedence

Abstract

In one embodiment, the present invention includes multiple gain stages to receive and amplify a differential input signal at different common mode voltages. The stages each may include a pair of linear NMOS gain transistors coupled to a primary coil of a given output transformer. One of the stages may include commonly coupled terminals coupled to a center tap of the primary coil of an output transformer of another stage, and a supply current provided to one of the stages is re-used for the other stage(s).

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:

a first differential gain stage to receive a differential input signal at a first common mode voltage and to amplify the differential input signal to a first differential amplified output signal, the first differential gain stage including a first pair of linear NMOS gain transistors having drain terminals coupled to a primary coil of a first output transformer and commonly coupled source terminals; and

a second differential gain stage to receive the differential input signal at a second common mode voltage and to amplify the differential input signal to a second differential amplified output signal, the second differential gain stage including a second pair of linear NMOS gain transistors having drain terminals coupled to a primary coil of a second output transformer and commonly coupled source terminals coupled to a center tap of the primary coil of the first output transformer, wherein a supply current provided to the second differential gain stage is re-used for the first differential gain stage.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the center tap is to have a voltage corresponding to half of a supply voltage, and a center tap of the second output transformer is to have a voltage corresponding to the supply voltage.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the commonly coupled source terminals of the second pair of linear NMOS gain transistors are coupled to the center tap of the primary coil of the first output transformer at a node corresponding to a virtual ground.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second pairs of linear NMOS gain transistors are of a substantially common size.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus comprises a power amplifier including an output stage with the first and second differential gain stages, and having a smaller area and a reduced input and output stage capacitance compared to a CMOS output stage that provides the same output power.

6. A power amplifier comprising:

an output gain stage including at least first and second linear NMOS gain transistors differentially driven at corresponding gate terminals by a differential input signal, the first and second linear NMOS gain transistors having corresponding drain terminals coupled to a first output transformer to output a selected power level to a load coupled to the first output transformer, wherein the output gain stage has a substantially smaller capacitance than a CMOS output gain stage including at least one PMOS transistor and configured to output the selected power level.

7. The power amplifier of claim 6, wherein the output gain stage device does not include any PMOS transistors.

8. The power amplifier of claim 7, wherein the all linear NMOS gain transistor output gain stage is part of a CMOS power amplifier.

9. The power amplifier of claim 6, wherein the at least one PMOS transistor is substantially larger than a linear NMOS gain transistor of the first and second linear NMOS gain transistors to generate a substantially equal transductance.

10. The power amplifier of claim 6, further comprising a linearization circuit coupled to the corresponding gate terminals of the first and second linear NMOS gain transistors to compensate for a capacitance change of the output gain stage as a result of different levels of the differential input signal.

11. A method comprising:

receiving an input signal from a gain stage of a power amplifier formed using a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process;

amplifying the input signal in an all-NMOS gain stage of the power amplifier using a single supply current re-used for at least a first gain stage portion and a second gain stage portion of the all-NMOS gain stage connected in a series configuration with regard to the single supply current, the first gain stage portion including a first linear NMOS gain device and the second gain stage portion including a second linear NMOS gain device; and

outputting the amplified signal to a load via an output transformer network of the power amplifier.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising biasing the first gain stage portion at a first common mode voltage and biasing the second gain stage portion at a second common mode voltage, wherein the first gain stage portion is coupled between a supply voltage node and an intermediate supply voltage node and the second gain stage portion is coupled between the intermediate supply voltage node and a reference voltage node.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising receiving the single supply current by coupling the supply voltage node to a center tap of a first output transformer of the first gain stage portion and coupling source terminals of the first gain stage portion to a center tap of a second output transformer of the second gain stage portion.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising linearizing a capacitance of the all-NMOS gain stage over a range of values of the input signal, the input signal received from the gain stage formed of NMOS and PMOS devices.

15. An apparatus comprising:

a first NMOS output gain stage to receive a differential input signal at a first common mode voltage and to output a first differential output signal;

a first transformer having a first coil to receive the first differential output signal and a second, coil to output the first differential output signal to an output load, the first transformer having a center tap coupled to receive a supply current at a supply voltage node;

a second NMOS output gain stage to receive the differential input signal at a second common mode voltage and to output a second differential output signal; and

a second transformer having a first coil to receive the second differential output signal and a second coil to output the second differential output signal to the output load, the first coil of the second transformer having a center tap coupled to receive a first intermediate supply current re-used from the supply current at a first intermediate supply voltage node.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first NMOS output gain stage includes first and second NMOS transistors having commonly coupled source terminals coupled to the first intermediate supply voltage node.

17. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a supply decoupling capacitor network coupled between the supply voltage node and a reference node coupled to the second NMOS output gain stage.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the supply decoupling capacitor network is formed of a plurality of thin oxide metal oxide semiconductor transistors and at least one finger capacitor coupled in parallel therewith.

19. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising an input buffer coupled to the first intermediate supply voltage node to help maintain a predetermined voltage level at the first intermediate supply voltage node.

20. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising:

a third NMOS output stage coupled to receive the differential input signal at a third common mode voltage and to output a third differential output signal; and

a third transformer having a first coil to receive the third differential output signal and a second coil to output the third differential output signal to the output load, the third transformer having a center tap coupled to receive a second intermediate supply current re-used from the re-used supply current via commonly coupled source terminals of an NMOS transistor pair of the second NMOS output gain stage.

21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein at least the third NMOS output stage is formed of a lower voltage NMOS transistor having a higher unity-current-gain frequency (f_t) than a higher voltage NMOS transistor of the first NMOS output gain stage having a lower f_t.

23. The wireless device of claim 21, wherein the first and second transistors are of a substantially common size.

24. The wireless device of claim 21, wherein the second gain stage is to generate an equivalent power output to a load as a CMOS output gain stage of a power amplifier having one transistor substantially sized as the first transistor of the first polarity and a second transistor of a second polarity, the second transistor substantially larger than the one transistor.

25. The wireless device of claim 21, wherein the source terminal of the first transistor is coupled to a center tap of the first coil of the second output transformer and the first coil of the first output transformer has a center tap to couple to a supply voltage.

22. A wireless device comprising:

a transceiver to receive baseband signal information from a baseband processor and to output a radio frequency (RF) signal;

a power amplifier coupled to the transceiver to receive and amplify the RF signal, the power amplifier including a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) gain stage to receive and amplify the RF signal and a second gain stage coupled to the CMOS gain stage to receive and further amplify the amplified RF signal, the second gain stage including a first transistor of a first polarity, the first transistor having an output terminal coupled to a first coil of a first output transformer and a source terminal coupled to a first coil of a second output transformer, and a second transistor of the first polarity, the second transistor having an output terminal coupled to the first coil of the second output transformer and a source terminal coupled to a reference voltage, the first and second transistors driven at a corresponding gate terminal by the amplified RF signal at different common mode voltages and at a common phase; and

an antenna coupled to the power amplifier to radiate the amplified RF signal.