System and method performing quadrature amplitude modulation by combining co-sets and strongly coded co-set identifiers

• US 7,778,341 B2
• Filed: 08/23/2002
• Issued: 08/17/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 08/23/2001
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Nortel Networks Limited (Nortel Networks Corporation)
• Inventors: Tong, Wen, Khandani, Amir
• Primary Examiner(s): VO, DON NGUYEN
• Application Number:
  US10/226,174
• Publication Number:
  US 20030039318A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,916 Days
• Field of Search: 375/298, 375/265, 375/316, 375/264, 375/262, 714/758, 714786-796, 341/67
• US Class Current: 375/265
• CPC Class Codes: H03M 13/258 with turbo codes, e.g. Turbo Trellis Coded Modulation [TTCM]
• CPC Class Codes: H03M 13/2957 Turbo codes and decoding
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/004 by using forward error control H04L1/0618 takes precedence; coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or correction H03M13/00
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0058 Block-coded modulation
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0059 Convolutional codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0061 Error detection codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0066 Parallel concatenated codes
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/0071 Use of interleaving interleaving per se H03M13/27
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 25/03866 using scrambling
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2614 Peak power aspects
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2615 Reduction thereof using coding
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/3411 reducing the peak to average power ratio or the mean power of the constellation; Arrangements for increasing the shape gain of a signal set
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/3433 using an underlying square constellation

Abstract

A method of encoding a stream of data elements is provided which involves splitting the stream of data elements into a first stream and a second stream; encoding the first stream to produce a first encoded stream; performing a constellation mapping using a combination of the first encoded stream and a third stream which is based an the second stream. This may involve defining a signal constellation; defining a plurality of co-sets within the constellation such that a minimum distance between constellation points within each co-set is larger than a minimum distance between any constellation points within the signal constellation; performing said constellation mapping by using the first encoded stream to identify a sequence of co-sets of said plurality of co-sets, and by using the third stream to identify a sequence of constellation points within respective co-sets of the sequence of co-sets identified by said first encoded stream.

Claims

1. A method of encoding a stream of data elements comprising:

splitting the stream of data elements into a first stream and a second stream;

encoding the first stream using symbol-based Turbo-encoding to produce a first encoded stream;

performing a constellation mapping using a combination of the first encoded stream and a third stream which is based on the second stream;

encoding the second stream to produce the third stream using relatively weak encoding compared to that used in encoding the first stream, the method further comprising;

defining a signal constellation comprising a plurality of constellation points;

defining a plurality of co-sets within the plurality of constellation points such that a minimum distance between constellation points within each co-set is larger than a minimum distance between any constellation points within the signal constellation;

performing said constellation mapping by using the first encoded stream to identify a sequence of co-sets of said plurality of co-sets, and by using the third stream to identify a sequence of constellation points within respective co-sets of the sequence of co-sets identified by said first encoded stream.

2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said constellation mapping performs a Gray mapping in mapping the third stream.

3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the third stream is identical to the second stream.

4. A method according to claim 2 wherein:

the constellation mapping uses the data elements of the first encoded stream for least significant bits of the constellation mapping and the constellation mapping uses the data elements of the third stream for most significant bits of the constellation mapping.

5. A method according to claim 1 further comprising:

performing shaping and said second encoding on the second stream to produce the third stream.

6. A method according to claim 5 wherein the shaping is performed using a Huffman tree based addressing scheme to get a substantially Gaussian amplitude distribution.

7. A method according to claim 5 wherein performing constellation shaping for a given signal constellation comprising a plurality of constellation points comprises:

associating a cost with each of the plurality of constellation points;

defining a hierarchy of blocks, the hierarchy having a plurality of layers comprising at least a first layer and a last layer, each layer having fewer blocks than each previous layer;

wherein the first layer is formed by ordering all of the constellation points according to cost, and then assigning a first lowest cost group of constellation points to a first shaping partition, a second lowest cost group of constellation points to a second shaping partition, and so on until a highest cost group of constellation points assigned to a last shaping partition, each shaping partition being assigned a cost based on the costs of the constellation points in the shaping partition, each shaping partition being a first layer block;

wherein an element in each other layer is formed by combining two blocks of a previous layer and is assigned a cost based on the costs of the two blocks of the previous layer, a block of each layer being comprised of one of the elements according to cost, or a group of the elements according to cost;

the last layer having a single block comprising a plurality of elements;

shaping gain being achieved by only mapping to a subset of the elements of the last layer.

8. A method according to claim 1 wherein labels of constellation points within each co-set are Gray mapped.

9. A method according to claim 1 wherein the constellation mapping uses the data elements of the first encoded stream for least significant bits of the constellation mapping and the constellation mapping uses the data elements of the third stream for most significant bits of the constellation mapping.

10. A method according to claim 1 wherein the plurality of constellation points comprises a regular array, and wherein each co-set comprises a respective set of equally spaced points within the regular array.

11. A transmitter comprising:

a de-multiplexer adapted to split an input stream into a first stream and a second stream;

a first encoder adapted to encode the first stream using symbol-based Turbo-encoding to produce a first encoded stream;

a second encoder adapted to encode a second stream to produce a third stream using relatively weak encoding compared to that used in the first encoder;

a constellation mapper adapted to perform constellation mapping using a combination of the first encoded stream and the third stream which is based on the second stream, wherein;

the constellation mapper is adapted to map to a signal constellation comprising a plurality of constellation points within which is defined a plurality of co-sets such that a minimum distance between constellation points within each co-set is larger than a minimum distance between any constellation points within the signal constellation;

the constellation mapper is adapted to use the first encoded stream to identify a sequence of co-sets of said plurality of co-sets; and

the constellation mapper is adapted to use the third stream to identify a sequence of constellation points within respective co-sets of the sequence of co-sets identified by said first encoded stream.

12. A transmitter according to claim 11 wherein the constellation mapper performs Gray mapping in mapping the third stream.

13. A transmitter according to claim 11 wherein the third stream is identical to the second stream.

14. A transmitter according to claim 11 further comprising:

a shaper, the shaper and the second encoder adapted to perform shaping and encoding on the second stream to produce the third stream.

15. A transmitter according to claim 14 wherein the shaper is adapted to perform constellation shaping for a given signal constellation comprising a plurality of constellation points by:

associating a cost with each of the plurality of constellation points;

defining a hierarchy of blocks, the hierarchy having a plurality of layers comprising at least a first layer and a last layer, each layer having fewer blocks than each previous layer;

wherein the first layer is formed by ordering all of the constellation points according to cost, and then assigning a first lowest cost group of constellation points to a first shaping partition, a second lowest cost group of constellation points to a second shaping partition, and so on until a highest cost group of constellation points assigned to a last shaping partition, each shaping partition being assigned a cost based on the costs of the constellation points in the shaping partition, each shaping partition being a first layer block;

wherein an element in each other layer is formed by combining two blocks of a previous layer and is assigned a cost based on the costs of the two blocks of the previous layer, a block of each layer being comprised of one of the elements according to cost, or a group of the elements according to cost;

the last layer having a single block comprising a plurality of elements;

shaping gain being achieved by only mapping to a subset of the elements of the last layer.

16. A transmitter according to claim 11 wherein the constellation mapper uses the data elements of the first encoded stream for least significant bits of the constellation mapping and the constellation mapper uses the data elements of the third stream for most significant bits of the constellation mapping.

17. A transmitter according to claim 11 wherein the plurality of constellation points comprises a rectangular array, and wherein each co-set comprises a respective set of equally spaced points within the rectangular array.

18. A method of encoding a stream of data elements comprising:

splitting the stream of data elements into a first stream and a second stream;

encoding the first stream using Turbo-encoding to produce a first encoded stream;

performing a constellation mapping using a combination of the first encoded stream and a third stream which is based on the second stream;

encoding the second stream to produce the third stream using relatively weak encoding compared to that used in encoding the first stream, the method further comprising;

defining a signal constellation comprising a plurality of constellation points;

defining a plurality of co-sets within the plurality of constellation points such that a minimum distance between constellation points within each co-set is larger than a minimum distance between any constellation points within the signal constellation;

performing said constellation mapping by using the first encoded stream to identify a sequence of co-sets of said plurality of co-sets, and by using the third stream to identify a sequence of constellation points within respective co-sets of the sequence of co-sets identified by said first encoded stream.

19. A method according to claim 18 wherein labels of constellation points within each co-set are Gray mapped.

20. A method according to claim 18 wherein the constellation mapping uses the data elements of the first encoded stream for least significant bits of the constellation mapping and the constellation mapping uses the data elements of the third stream for most significant bits of the constellation mapping.

21. A method according to claim 18 wherein the plurality of constellation points comprises a regular array, and wherein each co-set comprises a respective set of equally spaced points within the regular array.

22. A method according to claim 18 wherein said constellation mapping performs a Gray mapping in mapping the third stream.

23. A method according to claim 22 wherein the third stream is identical to the second stream.

24. A method according to claim 22 wherein:

the constellation mapping uses the data elements of the first encoded stream for least significant bits of the constellation mapping and the constellation mapping uses the data elements of the third stream for most significant bits of the constellation mapping.

25. A method according to claim 18 further comprising:

performing shaping and said second encoding on the second stream to produce the third stream.

26. A method according to claim 25 wherein the shaping is performed using a Huffman tree based addressing scheme to get a substantially Gaussian amplitude distribution.

27. A method according to claim 25 wherein performing constellation shaping for a given signal constellation comprising a plurality of constellation points comprises:

associating a cost with each of the plurality of constellation points;

defining a hierarchy of blocks, the hierarchy having a plurality of layers comprising at least a first layer and a last layer, each layer having fewer blocks than each previous layer;

wherein the first layer is formed by ordering all of the constellation points according to cost, and then assigning a first lowest cost group of constellation points to a first shaping partition, a second lowest cost group of constellation points to a second shaping partition, and so on until a highest cost group of constellation points assigned to a last shaping partition, each shaping partition being assigned a cost based on the costs of the constellation points in the shaping partition, each shaping partition being a first layer block;

wherein an element in each other layer is formed by combining two blocks of a previous layer and is assigned a cost based on the costs of the two blocks of the previous layer, a block of each layer being comprised of one of the elements according to cost, or a group of the elements according to cost;

the last layer having a single block comprising a plurality of elements;

shaping gain being achieved by only mapping to a subset of the elements of the last layer.

28. A transmitter comprising:

a de-multiplexer adapted to split an input stream into a first stream and a second stream;

a first encoder adapted to encode the first stream using Turbo-encoding to produce a first encoded stream;

a second encoder adapted to encode a second stream to produce a third stream using relatively weak encoding compared to that used in the first encoder;

a constellation mapper adapted to perform constellation mapping using a combination of the first encoded stream and the third stream which is based on the second stream, wherein;

the constellation mapper is adapted to map to a signal constellation comprising a plurality of constellation points within which is defined a plurality of co-sets such that a minimum distance between constellation points within each co-set is larger than a minimum distance between any constellation points within the signal constellation;

the constellation mapper is adapted to use the first encoded stream to identify a sequence of co-sets of said plurality of co-sets; and

the constellation mapper is adapted to use the third stream to identify a sequence of constellation points within respective co-sets of the sequence of co-sets identified by said first encoded stream.

29. A transmitter according to claim 28 wherein the constellation mapper performs Gray mapping in mapping the third stream.

30. A transmitter according to claim 28 further comprising:

a shaper, the shaper and the second encoder adapted to perform shaping and encoding on the second stream to produce the third stream.

31. A transmitter according to claim 30 wherein the shaper is adapted to perform constellation shaping for a given signal constellation comprising a plurality of constellation points by:

associating a cost with each of the plurality of constellation points;

defining a hierarchy of blocks, the hierarchy having a plurality of layers comprising at least a first layer and a last layer, each layer having fewer blocks than each previous layer;

wherein the first layer is formed by ordering all of the constellation points according to cost, and then assigning a first lowest cost group of constellation points to a first shaping partition, a second lowest cost group of constellation points to a second shaping partition, and so on until a highest cost group of constellation points assigned to a last shaping partition, each shaping partition being assigned a cost based on the costs of the constellation points in the shaping partition, each shaping partition being a first layer block;

wherein an element in each other layer is formed by combining two blocks of a previous layer and is assigned a cost based on the costs of the two blocks of the previous layer, a block of each layer being comprised of one of the elements according to cost, or a group of the elements according to cost;

the last layer having a single block comprising a plurality of elements;

shaping gain being achieved by only mapping to a subset of the elements of the last layer.

32. A method of encoding a stream of data elements comprising:

splitting the stream of data elements into a first stream and a second stream;

encoding the first stream using symbol-based Turbo-encoding to produce a first encoded stream;

performing a constellation mapping using a combination of the first encoded stream and a third stream which is based on the second stream;

encoding the second stream to produce the third stream using relatively weak encoding compared to that used in encoding the first stream, the method further comprising;

performing shaping and said second encoding on the second stream to produce the third stream;

wherein performing constellation shaping for a given signal constellation comprising a plurality of constellation points comprises;

associating a cost with each of the plurality of constellation points;

defining a hierarchy of blocks, the hierarchy having a plurality of layers comprising at least a first layer and a last layer, each layer having fewer blocks than each previous layer;

wherein the first layer is formed by ordering all of the constellation points according to cost, and then assigning a first lowest cost group of constellation points to a first shaping partition, a second lowest cost group of constellation points to a second shaping partition, and so on until a highest cost group of constellation points assigned to a last shaping partition, each shaping partition being assigned a cost based on the costs of the constellation points in the shaping partition, each shaping partition being a first layer block;

wherein an element in each other layer is formed by combining two blocks of a previous layer and is assigned a cost based on the costs of the two blocks of the previous layer, a block of each layer being comprised of one of the elements according to cost, or a group of the elements according to cost;

the last layer having a single block comprising a plurality of elements;

shaping gain being achieved by only mapping to a subset of the elements of the last layer.