Crossfade sample playback engine with digital signal processing for vehicle engine sound simulator

• US 7,787,633 B2
• Filed: 01/20/2005
• Issued: 08/31/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 01/20/2005
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Analog Devices, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Analog Devices, Inc.
• Inventors: Costello, Sean M., Stilson, Timothy S.
• Primary Examiner(s): Mei; Xu
• Application Number:
  US11/040,319
• Publication Number:
  US 20060177797A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,049 Days
• Field of Search: 446/409, 434/29, 704/270, 381/61, 381/86, 700/94, 340/384.3, 3403847-38473
• US Class Current: 381/61
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2270/42 Means to improve acoustic vehicle detection by humans
• CPC Class Codes: G09B 9/02 for teaching control of vehicles or other craft
• CPC Class Codes: G10K 15/02 Synthesis of acoustic waves synthesis of speech G10L13/00

Abstract

A vehicle engine sound simulator includes a crossfade sample playback engine which produces an output waveform comprising at least two constituent waveforms which are transposed up and down in frequency with RPM. The playback engine'"'"'s output waveform is provided to at least one digital signal processing (DSP) circuit, which processes the output with a function that varies with the rate of change of RPM, an external load value, and/or a combination of both to produce the simulator'"'"'s output. The crossfade sample playback engine is arranged to crossfade between at least 2 wave samples as RPM changes. Wave samples from additional wave banks associated with different load states can also be mixed into the playback engine'"'"'s output waveform. The DSP circuit can include both nonlinear and linear processing sections in various combinations.

Claims

1. A vehicle engine sound simulator, comprising:

a crossfade sample playback engine which produces an output waveform comprising at least two constituent waveforms which are transposed up and down in frequency as a function of RPM and which are mixed together, the proportions of each constituent waveform in said output waveform varying with an input representative of the RPM of a vehicle engine,

a load gain circuit which produces a “

computed load value”

output as a function of the rate of change of said RPM, an external load value, and/or a combination of both, and

a digital signal processing (DSP) circuit which receives said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine and processes said output with a function that varies with said computed load value, the output of said DSP circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator,

wherein each of said constituent waveforms is associated with a respective range of RPM values, each of which has a center RPM value, and each RPM range is associated with at least two constituent waveforms, said output waveform crossfaded between the constituent waveforms associated with the range in which a given RPM value falls, the amplitude of each constituent waveform in said output waveform varying with the proximity of said given RPM value to each waveform'"'"'s center RPM value.

2. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein each of said constituent waveforms are digital representations of waveforms which are transposed up and down in frequency with RPM.

3. The sound simulator of claim 1, further comprising N wave sets, each of said wave sets comprising a plurality of waveforms which are transposed up and down in frequency with RPM, each of the waveforms in a given wave set varying with a parameter representative of a particular load on a vehicle engine, said crossfade sample playback engine arranged such that said output waveform comprises at least two waveforms from each of said wave sets mixed together, the proportions of each constituent waveform in said output waveform varying with an input representative of the RPM of a vehicle engine and a parameter representative of the load on said vehicle engine.

4. The sound simulator of claim 3, wherein each of said wave sets is associated with a respective range of load values, each of which has a center load value, and each possible load value is associated with two wave sets, said output waveform crossfaded between the two wave sets associated with a given load value.

5. The sound simulator of claim 3, wherein N=2, the waveforms of the first wave set varying with a parameter representative of an unloaded vehicle engine and the waveforms of the second wave set varying with a parameter representative of a loaded vehicle engine, said crossfade sample playback engine arranged such that said output waveform comprises two waveforms from each of said first and second wave sets mixed together.

6. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein said DSP circuit comprises:

a scaling circuit which receives as inputs said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine and said computed load value output from said load gain circuit, and which scales said output waveform based on said computed load value output, and

a nonlinear function circuit which receives said scaled output waveform at an input and which adds harmonics to said scaled output waveform such that the harmonic content of the nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s output varies with said computed load value output, the output of said nonlinear function circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator.

7. The sound simulator of claim 6, wherein said load gain circuit is further arranged to produce one or more DSP parameters as a function of said computed load value,

wherein said nonlinear function circuit receives said one or more of said DSP parameters and implements a nonlinear function based on at least one of said one or more DSP parameters.

8. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein said DSP circuit comprises:

a first scaling circuit which receives as inputs said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine and said computed load value output from said load gain circuit, and which scales said output waveform based on said computed load value output,

a nonlinear function circuit which receives said scaled output waveform at an input and which adds harmonics to said scaled output waveform such that the harmonic content of the nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s output varies with said computed load value output,

a second scaling circuit which scales the output of said nonlinear function circuit by a fixed amount, and

a summation circuit which sums said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine with the output of said second scaling circuit, the output of said summation circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator.

9. The sound simulator of claim 8, wherein said load gain circuit is further arranged to produce one or more DSP parameters as a function of said computed load value,

wherein said nonlinear function circuit receives said one or more of said DSP parameters and implements a nonlinear function based on at least one of said one or more DSP parameters.

10. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein said DSP circuit comprises:

a first scaling circuit which scales said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine by a fixed amount,

a nonlinear function circuit which receives said scaled output waveform at an input and which adds harmonics to said scaled output waveform,

a second scaling circuit which receives as inputs the output of said nonlinear function circuit and said computed load value output from said load gain circuit, and which scales the output of said nonlinear function circuit based on said computed load value output, and

a summation circuit which sums said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine with the output of said second scaling circuit, the output of said summation circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator.

11. The sound simulator of claim 10, wherein said load gain circuit is further arranged to produce one or more DSP parameters as a function of said computed load value,

wherein said nonlinear function circuit receives said one or more of said DSP parameters and implements a nonlinear function based on at least one of said one or more DSP parameters.

12. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein said DSP circuit comprises a nonlinear function circuit which receives a signal representative of said output waveform at an input and which adds harmonics to said input signal such that the harmonic content of the nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s output varies with said computed load value output,

wherein said nonlinear function circuit implements a clipping function arranged to add fixed amounts of harmonic energy to said nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s input signal with increasing load gain as long as said input signal is between predetermined upper and lower limits, and to increase the harmonic energy when said input signal is less than said lower limit or greater than said upper limit.

13. The sound simulator of claim 1, further comprising a load gain circuit which produces a “

load gain”

output as a function of the rate of change of said RPM, said DSP circuit comprising a nonlinear function circuit which receives a signal representative of said output waveform at an input and which adds harmonics to said input signal such that the harmonic content of the nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s output varies with said load gain output,

wherein said nonlinear function circuit implements an “

S”

-shaped transfer function arranged to increase the harmonic energy added to said nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s input signal with increasing load gain.

14. The sound simulator of claim 13, wherein said “

S”

-shaped transfer function is implemented with a polynomial function of the form;

F(x)=d₀+d₁x+d₂x²+ . . . +d_Nx^N.

15. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein said DSP circuit comprises a nonlinear function circuit which receives a signal representative of said output waveform at an input and which adds harmonics to said input signal such that the harmonic content of the nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s output varies with said computed load value output,

wherein said nonlinear function circuit implements a non-monotonic, discontinuous function.

16. The sound simulator of claim 15, wherein said nonlinear function circuit comprises a lookup table which contains sequential values derived from an arbitrary function.

17. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein said DSP circuit comprises:

a scaling circuit which receives as inputs said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine and said load gain output from said load gain circuit, and which scales said output waveform based on said computed load value output, and

a nonlinear function circuit which receives said scaled output waveform at an input and which adds harmonics to said scaled output waveform such that the harmonic content of the nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s output varies with said computed load value output, the output of said nonlinear function circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator,

said nonlinear function circuit comprising an oscillator which receives said scaled output waveform at an input and is frequency modulated by said scaled output waveform such that the output of said oscillator is a waveshaped version of said output waveform.

18. The sound simulator of claim 17, wherein the base frequency of said frequency-modulated oscillator is zero.

19. The sound simulator of claim 17, wherein said oscillator is arranged such that the amplitude of its output is fixed.

20. The sound simulator of claim 16, wherein said oscillator is arranged such that the amplitude of its output varies with said computed load value output.

21. The sound simulator of claim 17, further comprising a high pass filter arranged to filter said scaled output waveform prior to its application to said oscillator'"'"'s frequency modulation input.

22. The sound simulator of claim 21, wherein said highpass filter is of the form:

y(n)=0.5x(n)−

0.5x(n−

1).

23. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein said DSP circuit comprises a linear DSP which receives said one or more DSP parameters and implements a linear function based on at least one of said one or more DSP parameters.

24. The sound simulator of claim 23, wherein said DSP circuit further comprises:

a scaling circuit which receives as inputs said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine and said computed load value output from said load gain circuit, and which scales said output waveform based on said computed load value output, said scaled output waveform applied to said linear DSP, and

a summation circuit which sums said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine with the output of said linear DSP, the output of said summation circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator.

25. The sound simulator of claim 23, wherein said DSP circuit further comprises:

a scaling circuit which receives as inputs the output of said linear DSP and said computed load value output from said load gain circuit, and which scales the output of said linear DSP based on said computed load value output, and

a summation circuit which sums said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine with the scaled output of said linear DSP, the output of said summation circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator.

26. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein said DSP circuit comprises:

a linear DSP which receives said output waveform at an input and processes said output waveform with a linear function,

a scaling circuit which receives as inputs the output of said linear DSP and said computed load value output from said load gain circuit, and which scales said linear DSP'"'"'s output based on said computed load value output,

a nonlinear function circuit which receives said scaled output at an input and which adds harmonics to said scaled output such that the harmonic content of the nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s output varies with said computed load value output, and

a summation circuit which sums the output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine with the output of said nonlinear function circuit, the output of said summation circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator.

27. The sound simulator of claim 26, wherein said load gain circuit further produces one or more DSP parameters as a function of said computed load value, said linear DSP arranged to implement said linear function based on at least one of said one or more DSP parameters and said nonlinear function circuit arranged to implement a nonlinear function based on at least one of said one or more DSP parameters.

28. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein said DSP circuit comprises:

a nonlinear function circuit which receives said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine and which adds harmonics to said output waveform,

a scaling circuit which receives as inputs the output of said nonlinear function circuit and said computed load value output from said load gain circuit, and which scales said nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s output based on said computed load value output, and

a linear DSP which receives said scaled output at an input and processes said scaled output with a linear function, and

a summation circuit which sums the output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine with the output of said linear DSP, the output of said summation circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator.

29. The sound simulator of claim 28, wherein said load gain circuit further produces one or more DSP parameters as a function of said computed load value, said linear DSP arranged to implement said linear function based on at least one of said one or more DSP parameters and said nonlinear function circuit arranged to implement a nonlinear function based on at least one of said one or more DSP parameters.

30. The sound simulator of claim 1, wherein said load gain circuit produces at least two “

computed load value”

outputs, said DSP circuit comprising;

a first branch, comprising;

a nonlinear function circuit which receives said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine and which adds harmonics to said output waveform, and

a first scaling circuit which receives as inputs the output of said nonlinear function circuit and one of said computed load value outputs from said load gain circuit, and which scales said nonlinear function circuit'"'"'s output based on said computed load value output,

a second branch, comprising;

a linear DSP which receives said output waveform from said crossfade sample playback engine at an input and processes said scaled output with a linear function, and

a second scaling circuit which receives as inputs the output of said linear DSP and another of said computed load value outputs from said load gain circuit, and which scales said linear DSP output based on said computed load value output, and

a summation circuit which sums the outputs of said first and second scaling circuits, the output of said summation circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator.

31. The sound simulator of claim 30, wherein said load gain circuit further produces one or more DSP parameters as a function of said computed load values, said nonlinear function circuit arranged to implement a nonlinear function based on at least one of said one or more DSP parameters.

32. The sound simulator of claim 30, wherein said DSP circuit further comprises additional branches in parallel with said first and second branches, each of said additional branches comprising series and/or parallel combinations of nonlinear function circuits and linear DSPs, said summation circuit arranged to sum the outputs of all of said branches.

33. The sound simulator of claim 1, further comprising:

at least one additional crossfade sample playback engine which produces an output waveform comprising at least two constituent waveforms which are transposed up and down in frequency with RPM and which are mixed together, the proportions of each constituent waveform in said output waveform varying with an input representative of the RPM of a vehicle engine,

additional digital signal processing (DSP) circuits, each of which receives the output waveform of a respective one of said at least one additional crossfade sample playback engines and processes said output with a function that varies with said computed load value, and

a summation circuit which sums the outputs of each of said DSP circuits, the output of said summation circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator.

34. The sound simulator of claim 1, further comprising a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) which receives the output of said DSP circuit and converts it to an analog waveform.

35. A vehicle engine sound simulator, comprising:

at least two crossfade sample playback engines, each of which produces a digitized output waveform comprising at least two constituent digitized waveforms which are transposed up and down in frequency as a function of RPM and which are mixed together, the proportions of each constituent waveform in said output waveform varying with an input representative of the RPM of a vehicle engine,

a load gain circuit which produces a “

computed load value”

output as a function of the rate of change of said RPM, an external load value, and/or a combination of both, and

at least two digital signal processing (DSP) circuits, each of which receives an output waveform from a respective one of said crossfade sample playback engines and processes said output with a function that varies with said computed load value output, and

a summation circuit which sums the outputs of each of said DSP circuits, the output of said summation circuit being the output of said vehicle engine sound simulator,

wherein each of said constituent waveforms is associated with a respective range of RPM values, each of which has a center RPM value, and each RPM range is associated with at least two constituent waveforms, each of said digitized output waveforms crossfaded between the constituent waveforms associated with the range in which a given RPM value falls, the amplitude of each constituent waveform in said output waveform varying with the proximity of said given RPM value to each waveform'"'"'s center RPM value.