Multiple antenna multicarrier transmitter and method for adaptive beamforming with transmit-power normalization

• US 7,822,128 B2
• Filed: 12/03/2004
• Issued: 10/26/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 12/03/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Intel Corporation
• Inventors: Maltsev, Alexander A., Davydov, Alexei V., Li, Qinghua
• Primary Examiner(s): Liu; Shuwang
• Assistant Examiner(s): Timory; Kabir A
• Application Number:
  US11/004,720
• Publication Number:
  US 20060120469A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,153 Days
• Field of Search: 375/260, 375/267, 375/349, 455/41.2, 455/434
• US Class Current: 375/260
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2637 with direct modulation of individual subcarriers
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 52/42 in systems with time, space, frequency or polarisation diversity

Abstract

In a multi-antenna, multicarrier transmitter, a multicarrier communication signal is generated by normalizing beamforming matrices based on an average subcarrier power loading for each of the transmit antennas. One or more spatial streams may be transmitted by two or more antennas.

Claims

1. A multicarrier multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmitter to transmit a multicarrier communication signal comprising two or more spatial streams using a plurality of transmit antennas in accordance with an IEEE 802.11(n) standard, the transmitter comprising:

a singular-value decomposition (SVD) circuitry to receive a channel matrix, a number of transmit antennas (Ntx) and a number (Nss) indicating the number of spatial streams to be transmitted, the SVD circuitry to perform an SVD on the channel matrix and to generate a beamforming matrix for each of a plurality of subcarriers based on the number of transmit antennas (Ntx) and the number of spatial streams (Nss) to be transmitted, each beamforming matrix having dimensions of the number of the transmit antennas by the number of the spatial streams;

a channel transfer function circuitry to provide the channel matrix to the SVD circuitry;

a normalizer to receive the beamforming matrices from the SVD circuitry and to generate a normalization factor for each transmit antenna from an average signal power of the subcarriers associated with each one of the transmit antennas and an average per-subcarrier power loading for said each antenna, the normalizer to normalize the beamforming matrices associated with each of the subcarriers by multiplying the normalization factors and the beamforming matrices to generate a normalized beamforming matrix associated with each subcarrier for each transmit antenna;

a spatial-frequency interleaver to receive an encoded bit stream and the number (Nss) indicating the number of spatial streams to be transmitted, the spatial-frequency interleaver to generate a plurality of spatial streams from the encoded bit stream corresponding to the number of spatial streams (Nss) to be transmitted;

a beamformer for each subcarrier, each beamformer to weight and combine symbol-modulated subcarriers of each of the spatial streams by applying, in the frequency domain, a row of the normalized beamforming matrix associated with a transmit antenna and corresponding subcarrier to generate frequency-domain signals comprising a symbol-modulated subcarrier output for each transmit antenna; and

inverse-Fourier transform (IFT) circuitry for each transmit antenna to perform an IFT on the symbol-modulated subcarrier outputs associated with each transmit antenna to generate time-domain signals for transmission,

wherein the application of the normalized beamforming matrices to the symbol-modulated subcarriers in the frequency domain reduces non-uniform power loading among transmit antennas.

2. The multicarrier transmitter of claim 1 wherein each beamformer comprises a weighting element associated with each transmit antenna, each weighting element to weight and combine the symbol-modulated subcarriers of each of the spatial streams to generate the symbol-modulated subcarrier output for the associated transmit antenna.

3. The multicarrier transmitter of claim 1 wherein the normalizer is to determine the average per-subcarrier power loading for each of the transmit antennas by averaging a sum of squares of elements of the beamforming matrices associated with one of the transmit antennas,

wherein the normalizer is further to generate the normalization factor for each of the transmit antennas by dividing an average signal power associated with the transmit antennas by the average per-subcarrier power loading for an associated one of the transmit antennas, and

wherein the normalizer is further to apply the normalization factors to the beamformer matrices to generate the normalized beamformer matrices, the normalization factor to reduce an average power deviation between subcarrier transmissions of an associated transmit antenna.

4. The multicarrier transmitter of claim 3 wherein each element of the beamforming matrices is associated with one of the spatial streams and one of the transmit antennas.

5. The multicarrier transmitter of claim 4 wherein the channel matrix is received from a multicarrier receiving station, and

wherein the multicarrier transmitter further comprises circuitry associated with each transmit antenna to transmit a multicarrier time-domain signal generated by the IFT circuitry to the multicarrier receiving station, the multicarrier receiving station to apply a multiple-input, multiple-output equalization technique to separate the spatial streams.

6. A method for transmitting a multicarrier communication signal comprising two or more spatial streams using a plurality of transmit antennas in accordance with an IEEE 802.11(n) standard, the method comprising:

receiving by a singular-value decomposition (SVD) circuitry, a channel matrix, a number of transmit antennas (Ntx) and a number (Nss) indicating the number of spatial streams to be transmitted;

providing by a channel transfer function circuitry the channel matrix to the SVD circuitry;

performing by the SVD circuitry, an SVD on the channel matrix;

generating by a beamformer, a beamforming matrix for each of a plurality of subcarriers based on the number of transmit antennas (Ntx) and the number of spatial streams (Nss) to be transmitted, each beamforming matrix having dimensions of the number of the transmit antennas by the number of the spatial streams;

generating by a normalizer, a normalization factor for each transmit antenna from an average signal power of the subcarriers associated with each one of the transmit antennas and an average per-subcarrier power loading for said each antenna;

normalizing by the normalizer, the beamforming matrices associated with each of the subcarriers by multiplying the normalization factors and the beamforming matrices to generate a normalized beamforming matrix associated with each subcarrier for each transmit antenna;

receiving by a spatial-frequency interleaver, an encoded bit stream and the number (Nss) indicating the number of spatial streams to be transmitted and generating a plurality of spatial streams from the encoded bit stream corresponding to the number of spatial streams (Nss) to be transmitted;

for each subcarrier, weighting and combining symbol-modulated subcarriers of each of the spatial streams by applying, in the frequency domain, a row of the normalized beamforming matrix associated with a transmit antenna and corresponding subcarrier to generate frequency-domain signals comprising a symbol-modulated subcarrier output for each transmit antenna; and

for each transmit antenna, performing an inverse-Fourier transform (IFT) on the symbol-modulated subcarrier outputs associated with each transmit antenna to generate time-domain signals for transmission,

wherein the application of the normalized beamforming matrices to the symbol-modulated subcarriers in the frequency domain reduces non-uniform power loading among transmit antennas.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the weighting and combining comprises weighting and combining the symbol-modulated subcarriers of each of the spatial streams to generate the symbol-modulated subcarrier output for the associated transmit antenna.

8. The method of claim 7 further comprising:

determining the average per-subcarrier power loading for each of the transmit antennas by averaging a sum of squares of elements of the beamforming matrices associated with one of the transmit antennas;

generating the normalization factor for each of the transmit antennas by dividing an average signal power associated with the transmit antennas by the average per-subcarrier power loading for an associated one of the transmit antennas, and

applying the normalization factors to the beamformer matrices to generate the normalized beamformer matrices, the normalization factor to reduce an average power deviation between subcarrier transmissions of an associated transmit antenna.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein each element of the beamforming matrices is associated with one of the spatial streams and one of the transmit antennas.

10. The method of claim 9 further comprising receiving the channel matrix from a multicarrier receiving station, and

wherein the method is performed by a multicarrier transmitter comprising circuitry associated with each transmit antenna to transmit a multicarrier time-domain signal generated by the IFT circuitry to the multicarrier receiving station, the multicarrier receiving station to apply a multiple-input, multiple-output equalization technique to separate the spatial streams.