Broadly tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser sources and sensors

• US 7,826,509 B2
• Filed: 12/15/2006
• Issued: 11/02/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 12/15/2006
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: President and Fellows of Harvard College (Harvard Corporation)
• Original Assignee: President and Fellows of Harvard College (Harvard Corporation)
• Inventors: MacArthur, James B., Audet, Ross M., Pflügl, Christian, Capasso, Federico, Lee, Benjamin G., Diehl, Laurent, Belkin, Mikhail A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Harvey; Minsun
• Assistant Examiner(s): HAGAN, SEAN P
• Application Number:
  US11/611,819
• Publication Number:
  US 20080144677A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,418 Days
• Field of Search: None
• US Class Current: 372/50.122
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 20/00 Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/1704 in gases
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/399 Diode laser
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/1702 with opto-acoustic detection, e.g. for gases or analysing solids
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/39 using tunable lasers
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/0612 controlled by temperature
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/12 the resonator having a periodic structure, e.g. in distributed feedback [DFB] lasers comprising a photonic bandgap structure H01S5/11; surface-emitting lasers H01S5/18
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/3401 having no PN junction, e.g. unipolar lasers, intersubband lasers, quantum cascade lasers
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/4031 Edge-emitting structures
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/4087 emitting more than one wavelength

Abstract

A broadly tunable single-mode infrared laser source based on semiconductor lasers. The laser source has two parts: an array of closely-spaced DFB QCLs (or other semiconductor lasers) and a controller that can switch each of the individual lasers in the array on and off, set current for each of the lasers and, and control the temperature of the lasers in the array. The device can be used in portable broadband sensors to simultaneously detect a large number of compounds including chemical and biological agents. A microelectronic controller is combined with an array of individually-addressed DFB QCLs with slightly different DFB grating periods fabricated on the same broadband (or multiple wavelengths) QCL material. This allows building a compact source providing narrow-line broadly-tunable coherent radiation in the Infrared or Terahertz spectral range (as well as in the Ultraviolet and Visible spectral ranges, using semiconductor lasers with different active region design). The performance (tuning range, line width, power level) is comparable to that of external grating tunable semiconductor lasers, but the proposed design is much smaller and much easier to manufacture.

Claims

1. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source comprising:

an array of individually addressed closely-spaced mid-infrared or THz quantum cascade lasers fabricated on the same laser wafer, wherein each laser in said array has a slightly different emission wavelength and that a difference in the emission wavelengths, set by the distributed feedback grating, between two lasers in the array that are adjacent in frequency space, is sufficiently small such that for any desired wavelength in a wavelength range supported by a broadband-gain, or multiple wavelengths, or any other quantum cascade laser material, said controller may set the temperature of a laser in the array in such a way that said laser emits at the desired wavelength and a difference in the target emission wavelengths between two adjacent lasers in the array is smaller than a tuning range available with temperature tuning of each of said lasers, and wherein each laser on a chip can be addressed independently by a compact microelectronic controller; and

a compact microelectronic controller, wherein said controller switches each laser in the array on and off, sets current for each said laser, controls and sets a temperature of each individual laser in said array as well as the temperature of the array as a whole to produce a continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source.

2. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein said single-mode quantum cascade laser source is one of a mid-infrared and terahertz quantum cascade laser source.

3. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein said quantum cascade lasers comprise distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers.

4. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein said lasers in said array are fabricated on a single broadband-gain or multiple wavelengths quantum cascade laser material.

5. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein a laser in said array may be tuned by changing the temperature of said laser.

6. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 5, wherein said changing of the temperature of said laser comprises changing the temperature of an active region of said laser.

7. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein said array of lasers provides continuous spectral coverage in a spectral range available within each emission band provided by multiple wavelengths quantum cascade laser material.

8. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein said controller comprises a microelectronic controller.

9. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein a laser in said array may be wavelength-tuned by changing a bias voltage of said laser.

10. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein a laser in said array may be wavelength-tuned by heating or cooling of said laser.

11. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein said lasers in said array are fabricated with first- or second-order distributed feedback gratings.

12. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein said lasers in said array provide surface emission.

13. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein said lasers in said array provide edge emission.

14. A continuously tunable single-mode quantum cascade laser source according to claim 1, wherein said controller switches at least two lasers in said array simultaneously.