Optimization methods for the insertion, protection, and detection of digital watermarks in digitized data

• US 7,844,074 B2
• Filed: 06/30/2008
• Issued: 11/30/2010
• Est. Priority Date: 07/02/1996
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Wistaria Trading Inc.
• Original Assignee: Wistaria Trading Inc.
• Inventors: Cooperman, Marc S., Moskowitz, Scott A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Tabatabai; Abolfazl
• Application Number:
  US12/215,812
• Publication Number:
  US 20100002904A1
• Time in Patent Office: 883 Days
• Field of Search: 382/100, 382/232, 382/240, 380/51, 380/54, 380/201, 380/210, 380/252, 380/287, 370522-529, 283/72, 283 74- 81, 283/85, 283/93, 283/113, 283/901, 358/3.28, 375/130, 705/57, 705/58, 725/20, 725/22
• US Class Current: 382/100
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0028 Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/005 Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0092 Payload characteristic determination in a watermarking scheme, e.g. number of bits to be embedded
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0064 for copy protection or copy management, e.g. CGMS, copy only once, one-time copy
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0065 Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
• CPC Class Codes: H04K 1/00 Secret communication
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/08 Randomization, e.g. dummy operations or using noise
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/34 Encoding or coding, e.g. Huffman coding or error correction
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/608 Watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32149 Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32187 with selective or adaptive application of the additional information, e.g. in selected frequency coefficients
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32229 with selective or adaptive application of the additional information, e.g. in selected regions of the image H04N1/32213 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/3232 Robust embedding or watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/23892 involving embedding information at multiplex stream level, e.g. embedding a watermark at packet level
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/8358 involving watermark protecting executable software by watermarking G06F21/16; image watermarking in general G06T1/0021; watermarks inserted in still images for transmission purposes H04N1/32144; inserting watermarks during video coding H04N19/467
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/327 which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes

Abstract

The implementations of digital watermarks can be optimally suited to particular transmission, distribution and storage mediums given the nature of digitally-sampled audio, video and other multimedia works. Watermark application parameters can be adapted to the individual characteristics of a given digital sample stream. Watermark information can be either carried in individual samples or in relationships between multiple samples, such as in a waveform shape. More optimal models may be obtained to design watermark systems that are tamper-resistant given the number and breadth of existent digitized sample options with different frequency and time components. The highest quality of a given content signal may be maintained as it is mastered, with the watermark suitably hidden, taking into account usage of digital filters and error correction. The quality of the underlying content signals can be used to identify and highlight advantageous locations for the insertion of digital watermarks. The watermark is integrated as closely as possible to the content signal, at a maximum level to force degradation of the content signal when attempts are made to remove the watermarks.

Claims

1. An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory machine readable medium, having thereon stored instructions adapted to be executed by a processor, which instructions when executed result in a process comprising:

identifying signal characteristics within the digital signal, which signal characteristics are suitable for embedding one or more bits of a watermark message;

using a watermarking key to detect the watermark message from the identified signal characteristics.

2. The article of claim 1, wherein said identifying step uses a perceptual model.

3. The article of claim 2, wherein said perceptual model is determined by a watermarking parameter.

4. The article of claim 1, wherein the watermark message is located below a masking level.

5. The article of claim 4, wherein the masking level is determined by a perceptual model.

6. The article of claim 1, wherein the watermark message is associated with at least one of the group comprising:

a) a timestamp b) a user identification c) authentication information and d) unique information.

7. The article of claim 1, wherein the article comprises at least one of the group comprising:

a) a set-top box b) a DVD machine c) a device that plays copyrighted material d) a device that records copyrighted material and e) a microprocessor.

8. The article of claim 1, further comprising the step of decoding the detected watermark message.

12. The article of claim 1, wherein the parameters correspond to at least one of the group comprising:

a) transmission b) distribution c) storage d) robustness e) tamper-resistance f) security g) quality and h) combinations thereof.

9. An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory machine readable medium, having thereon stored instructions adapted to be executed by a processor, which instructions when executed result in a process comprising:

identifying signal characteristics within the digital signal, which signal characteristics are suitable for embedding one or more bits of a watermark message;

using a watermark key to embed the watermark message into the identified signal characteristics.

10. The article of claim 9, wherein said identifying step uses a perceptual model.

11. The article of claim 9, wherein said signal characteristics are identified using parameters.

13. The article of claim 9, wherein the watermark message is located below a masking level.

14. The article of claim 13, wherein the masking level is determined by a perceptual model.

15. The article of claim 9, wherein the watermark message is embedded in a subset of the identified signal characteristics.

16. The article of claim 9, wherein the watermark message is associated with at least one of the group comprising:

a) a timestamp b) a user identification c) authentication information and d) unique information.

17. The article of claim 9, wherein the article comprises at least one of the group comprising:

a) a set-top box b) a DVD machine c) a device that plays copyrighted material d) a device that records copyrighted material and e) a microprocessor.

18. A method of decoding a watermark message from a digital signal, comprising:

analyzing a digital signal to identify signal features within the digital signal, which signal features are suitable for embedding one or more bits of a watermark message; and

decoding the watermark message from the digital signal using the signal features identified by the analyzing step.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the watermark message is decoded using a key.

20. The method of claim 18, wherein the watermark message is detected prior to decoding.

21. The method of claim 18, wherein the signal features are determined by a perceptual model.

22. The method of claim 18, wherein said analyzing step comprises using a digital filter to determine potential watermarking locations suitable for embedding one or more bits of a watermark message.

23. The method of claim 18, wherein said analyzing step comprises:

selecting a sample window in a digital signal;

determining a quantization interval of the sample window, wherein the quantization interval can be used to quantize normalized sample windows;

normalizing the sample window to provide normalized samples, wherein the normalized samples conform to a limited range of normalized values that can be divided by the quantization interval into distinct quantization levels; and

analyzing the sample window to identify potential watermarking locations, which potential watermarking locations are suitable for embedding one or more bits of a watermark message.

24. An article of manufacture comprising a non-transitory machine readable medium, having thereon stored instructions adapted to be executed by a processor, which instructions when executed result in a process comprising:

selecting a digital signal having embedded watermarks;

identifying signal features within the digital signal using a perceptual model, which signal features are capable of carrying one or more bits of a watermark message; and

analyzing at least a portion of the digital signal to determine a portion of the watermark message.

25. The article of claim 24, wherein the process further comprises:

checking the watermark message for errors.

26. The article of claim 24, wherein the process further comprises:

checking the watermark message for errors using Hamming codes with Hamming distances of greater than or equal to n, wherein n is a number of bits in a message block.

27. A process for decoding a watermark message from a digital signal, comprising:

selecting a digital signal having embedded watermarks;

identifying signal characteristics using a perceptual model, which signal characteristics are suitable for carrying one or more bits of a watermark message; and

processing at least a portion of the digital signal to determine a portion of the watermark message.

28. A system for encoding at least one digital watermark into a signal, comprising:

a window selector for selecting a sample window in the signal;

an interval calculator for determining a quantization interval of a selected sample window, where the quantization interval may be used to quantize normalized window samples;

a sampler for normalizing the sample window to provide normalized samples, where the normalized samples conform to a limited range of normalized values that are proportional to un-normalized samples, and where the normalized values can be divided by the quantization interval into distinct quantization levels;

a processor for identifying signal characteristics in the signal for encoding at least a portion of a digital watermark; and

a decoder for decoding the at least a portion of a digital watermark from the identified signal characteristics in the signal.