Integrated fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system for high efficiency power generation

• US 7,862,938 B2
• Filed: 04/10/2007
• Issued: 01/04/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 02/05/2007
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Fuelcell Energy Ltd.
• Original Assignee: Fuelcell Energy Ltd.
• Inventors: Ghezel-Ayagh, Hossein
• Primary Examiner(s): Maples; John S
• Application Number:
  US11/733,447
• Publication Number:
  US 20080187789A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,365 Days
• Field of Search: None
• US Class Current: 429/425
• CPC Class Codes: F02C 1/007 combination of cycles
• CPC Class Codes: F02C 3/22 the fuel or oxidant being gaseous at standard temperature and pressure F02C3/28 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F02C 3/36 Open cycles
• CPC Class Codes: F02G 1/04 of closed-cycle type
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2008/1293 Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2008/147 Fuel cells with molten carbonates
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2250/20 Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2250/402 Combination of fuel cell with other electric generators
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04014 Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04097 with recycling of the reactants H01M8/04119, H01M8/04104 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04111 using a compressor turbine assembly
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04141 by water containing exhaust gases
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04164 by condensers, gas-liquid separators or filters
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04171 using adsorbents, wicks or hydrophilic material
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/0662 Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/14 Fuel cells with fused electrolytes
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/2495 of fuel cells of different types
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 90/10 Applications of fuel cells in buildings
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 20/14 Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/40 : Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Abstract

A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system using a high-temperature fuel cell having an anode compartment adapted to receive fuel from a fuel supply path and to output anode exhaust gas and a cathode compartment adapted to receive oxidant gas and to output cathode exhaust gas. A heat engine assembly is adapted to receive oxidant gas and a further gas comprising one of the anode exhaust gas and a gas derived from the anode exhaust gas and to cause oxidation of the further gas and generate output power, the heat engine also generating heat engine exhaust including oxidant gas. The heat engine exhaust is then used to provide oxidant gas to the cathode compartment of the fuel cell.

Claims

1. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system comprising:

a high-temperature fuel cell including an anode compartment adapted to receive fuel from a fuel supply path and to output anode exhaust gas and a cathode compartment adapted to receive oxidant gas and to output cathode exhaust gas;

a heat engine assembly adapted to receive oxidant gas and a further gas comprising one of anode exhaust gas and a gas derived from anode exhaust gas and to cause oxidation of said further gas and generate output power, said heat engine also generating heat engine exhaust including oxidant gas, and

wherein said heat engine exhaust is used to provide oxidant gas to said cathode compartment of said fuel cell.

2. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 1, further comprising:

a water transfer assembly condensing and transferring water from said anode exhaust gas and outputting water-separated anode exhaust gas; and

said further gas comprising said water-separated anode exhaust gas.

3. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 2, wherein:

said water transfer assembly transfers a part or all of said water to said fuel supply path.

4. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 3, wherein:

said water transfer assembly increases the pressure of said part or all of said water transferred to said fuel supply path.

5. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 2, further comprising:

a compressor compressing said water-separated anode exhaust; and

said further gas comprising said compressed water-separated anode exhaust gas.

6. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 5, wherein:

said heat engine is adapted to receive supplemental fuel.

7. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 6, wherein:

said supplemental fuel is supplied to one of said water-separated anode exhaust and to said heat engine.

8. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 7, wherein:

said supplemental fuel is supplied from a portion of the fuel in said fuel supply path.

9. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 8, wherein:

supplemental oxidant gas is supplied to said heat engine exhaust before said heat engine exhaust is received in said cathode compartment of said fuel cell.

10. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 9, wherein

said heat engine comprises one of an internal or external combustion engine, a two-cycle engine, a 4-cycle reciprocating engine, a combustion turbine, a recuperative turbine, a turbocharger, a compressor/turbine assembly, a Stirling engine and a microturbine.

11. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 6, wherein

said heat engine comprises one of an internal or external combustion engine, a two-cycle engine, a 4-cycle reciprocating engine, a combustion turbine, a recuperative turbine, a turbocharger, a compressor/turbine assembly, a Stirling engine and a microturbine.

12. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 2, wherein:

said water transfer assembly comprises condenser condensing water in said anode exhaust gas, a knockout pot following said condenser for separating water from said anode exhaust gas to produce said water-separated anode exhaust gas and a pump for increasing pressure of the separated water.

13. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 2, wherein:

said water transfer assembly comprises one of a water transfer device, an enthalpy wheel humidifier, a cooling radiator, a membrane, a surface condenser, an air cooled heat exchanger and a direct contact type condenser.

14. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 1, wherein:

said fuel in said fuel supply path is pre-heated using at least one of said cathode exhaust gas and said anode exhaust gas.

15. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 1, wherein:

said heat engine is further adapted to receive supplemental fuel.

16. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 15, wherein:

said supplemental fuel is controlled responsive to load variations.

17. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 16, wherein:

said oxidant gas received by said heat engine is controlled.

18. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 16, wherein:

said supplemental fuel is controlled such that when a load exhibits a low power demand, no supplemental fuel is supplied to said heat engine, and when said load exhibits a high power demand, an increased amount of supplemental fuel is supplied to said heat engine to satisfy said high power demand.

19. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 1, wherein:

said high-temperature fuel cell is one of a carbonate fuel cell and a solid oxide fuel cell.

20. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 1, wherein:

said oxidant gas is pre-heated by said cathode exhaust.

21. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 1, wherein:

said oxidant gas comprises air.

22. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 1, further comprising:

a cathode exhaust recycle path for recycling a portion of said cathode exhaust to said cathode.

23. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 1, wherein:

said heat engine comprises one of an internal or external combustion engine, a two-cycle engine, a 4-cycle reciprocating engine, a combustion turbine, a recuperative turbine, a turbocharger, a compressor/turbine assembly, a Stirling engine and a microturbine.

24. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 1, wherein:

said heat engine comprises;

an oxidizer receiving said oxidant gas received by said heat engine and said further gas and oxidizing the further gas using the oxidant gas to produce an output gas;

a compressor-turbine having a compression section and an expansion section, said compression section receiving an oxidant gas and compressing said oxidant gas to produce the oxidant gas to be received by said oxidizer and said expansion section receiving and expanding said output gas to generate said power and produce said heat engine exhaust.

25. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 24, further comprising:

a water transfer assembly condensing and transferring water from said anode exhaust gas and outputting water-separated anode exhaust gas; and

said further gas comprising said water-separated anode exhaust gas.

26. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 25, further comprising:

said water transfer assembly comprises one of a first and second unit;

said first unit having a condenser for condensing the water in said anode exhaust gas, a knockout pot following said condenser for separating water from said anode exhaust gas to produce said water-separated anode exhaust gas and a pump for increasing pressure of the water-separated anode exhaust; and

a second unit having a cooling radiator for condensing and separating water from said anode exhaust gas to produce said water-separated anode exhaust gas and a pump for increasing the pressure of the water separated anode exhaust.

27. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 26, wherein:

said water transfer assembly transfers a part or all of said water to said fuel supply path and comprises said first unit; and

said fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system further comprises;

a compressor compressing said water-separated anode exhaust, said further gas comprising said compressed water-separated anode exhaust gas; and

a heat recovery unit responsive to said cathode exhaust gas and having a first heat exchanger responsive to said compressed oxidant gas from said compression section to heat said compressed oxidant gas and a second heat exchanger in the fuel path for heating said fuel before said fuel is received in anode compartment of said fuel cell.

28. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 26, wherein:

said water transfer assembly transfers a part or all of said water to said fuel supply path and comprises said second unit; and

said fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system further comprises;

a compressor compressing said water-separated anode exhaust, said further gas comprising said compressed water-separated anode exhaust gas;

a first heat exchanger responsive to said anode exhaust gas and said compressed water-separated anode exhaust gas for heating said compressed water-separated anode exhaust gas before said compressed water-separated anode exhaust gas is received in said heat engine;

a second heat exchanger responsive to said cathode exhaust and said compressed oxidant gas from said compression section of said compressor/turbine for heating said compressed oxidant gas;

a third heat exchanger responsive to said cathode exhaust after passage through said second heat exchanger and in a supplemental air path for heating supplemental air in said supplemental air path before the supplemental air is supplied to the exhaust gas containing oxidant gas from the heat engine;

a humidifier in said fuel supply path responsive to said cathode exhaust gas after passage through said third heat exchanger and for receiving water transferred by said water transfer assembly for humidifying the fuel in said fuel supply path; and

a fourth heat exchanger responsive to the anode exhaust gas after the anode exhaust gas passes through said first heat exchanger and in said fuel path after said humidifier for heating the humidified fuel in said fuel supply path before the fuel is received in said anode compartment of said fuel cell.

29. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 26, wherein:

said water transfer assembly transfers a part or all of said water to said fuel supply path; and

said fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system further comprises;

a compressor compressing said water-separated anode exhaust, said further gas comprising said compressed water-separated anode exhaust gas.

30. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 29, wherein:

said heat engine is further adapted to receive supplemental fuel.

31. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 1, wherein:

supplemental oxidant gas is supplied to said heat engine output gas before said heat engine output gas is received in said cathode compartment of said fuel cell.

32. A fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system in accordance with claim 31, wherein:

said heat engine comprises one of an internal or external combustion engine, a two-cycle engine, a 4-cycle reciprocating engine, a combustion turbine, a recuperative turbine, a turbocharger, a compressor/turbine assembly, a Stirling engine and a microturbine.

33. A method of operating a fuel cell and heat engine hybrid system comprising:

operating a high-temperature fuel cell by supplying fuel to an anode compartment of the fuel cell and oxidant gas to the cathode compartment of the fuel cell;

providing an oxidant gas and a further gas to a heat engine assembly, said further gas comprising one of anode exhaust gas and a gas derived from anode exhaust gas, and said heat engine causing oxidation of said further gas and generating output power, said heat engine also generating heat engine exhaust including oxidant gas, and

using said heat engine exhaust to provide oxidant gas to said cathode compartment of said fuel cell.

34. The method of claim 33, further comprising:

removing water from said anode exhaust to form water-separated anode exhaust, said further gas comprising said water-separated anode exhaust.

35. The method of claim 34, further comprising:

compressing said water-separated anode exhaust, said further gas comprising said compressed water-separated anode exhaust.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein:

said heat engine comprises;

an oxidizer; and

a compressor-turbine having a compression section and an expansion section;

and said method further comprises;

supplying oxidant gas to said compression section to compress said oxidant gas to produce the oxidant gas to be received by said heat engine;

supplying the oxidant gas received by said heat engine and said further gas to said oxidizer wherein the further gas is oxidized by the oxidant gas to produce an output gas; and

supplying said oxidizer output gas to the expansion section of said heat engine to expand said output gas and to generate said power, thereby producing said heat engine exhaust.

37. The method of claim 36, further comprising:

pre-heating the fuel to be received by the anode compartment of said fuel cell with one or more of the cathode exhaust gas from the cathode compartment of said fuel cell and the anode exhaust gas;

and supplying the water removed from the anode exhaust gas to the fuel for the anode compartment of the fuel cell.

38. The method of claim 33, wherein:

said heat engine comprises one of an internal or external combustion engine, a two-cycle engine, a 4-cycle reciprocating engine, a combustion turbine, a recuperative turbine, a turbocharger, a compressor/turbine assembly, a Stirling engine and a microturbine.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein:

a supplemental oxidant gas is supplied to said heat engine output gas before said heat engine output gas is received in said cathode compartment of said fuel cell.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein:

said supplemental oxidant gas is preheated first before being supplied to said heat engine output gas before said heat engine output gas is received in said cathode compartment of said fuel cell.