Device and method for transmitting multiple optically-encoded stimulation signals to multiple cell locations

• US 7,883,535 B2
• Filed: 11/09/2005
• Issued: 02/08/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 11/09/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Institut national d'optique
• Original Assignee: Institut national d'optique
• Inventors: Cantin, Daniel, Cournoyer, Alain, Galarneau, Pierre, Meneghini, Chiara
• Primary Examiner(s): Johnson, III; Henry M
• Assistant Examiner(s): LIPITZ, JEFFREY BRIAN
• Application Number:
  US11/271,210
• Publication Number:
  US 20060129210A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,917 Days
• Field of Search: 607/88, 607/89, 128/898
• US Class Current: 607/89
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/36003 of motor muscles, e.g. for walking assistance
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/36007 of urogenital or gastrointestinal organs, e.g. for incontinence control
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/36038 Cochlear stimulation
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/36046 of the eye
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/36082 Cognitive or psychiatric applications, e.g. dementia or Alzheimer's disease
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/372 Arrangements in connection with the implantation of stimulators
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 2005/0605 Ear
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 2005/063 comprising light transmitting means, e.g. optical fibres
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 2005/0665 Reflectors
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 5/0601 Apparatus for use inside the body
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 5/0622 Optical stimulation for exciting neural tissue

Abstract

The present invention concerns a device and method for transmitting multiple optically-encoded stimulation signals to multiple stimulation sites, especially cell locations. The device uses a primary optical fiber to transmit specific wavelength components of an encoded light signal to output positions along the fiber where they are coupled out of the primary fiber to stimulation sites via electrodes for electrical stimulation of the sites or optical windows and/or secondary optical fibers for photo-stimulation of sites.

Claims

1. A stimulation device for transmitting stimulation information to a plurality of physiological stimulation sites in a body of a patient, said device comprising:

light generating means for generating light having a plurality of wavelength components;

encoding means for separately encoding at least a portion of said stimulation information into each of said wavelength components;

a multiplexing arrangement for multiplexing said wavelength components encoded by the encoding means into an encoded light signal;

a primary waveguide having an input end operationally connected to the multiplexing arrangement for receiving the encoded light signal therefrom, a light-guiding axis for guiding said encoded light signal therealong and an output end adapted to be implanted in the body of the patient proximate said stimulation sites, said output end having a plurality of output positions spatially distributed along said light guiding axis; and

an outcoupling arrangement provided at said output end of the primary waveguide, said outcoupling arrangement being wavelength-sensitive for transversally coupling each of the wavelength components of the encoded light signal out of said primary waveguide at a different one of said output positions, each of said output positions to associated with one of said stimulation sites, said outcoupling arrangement transmitting the at least a portion of said stimulation information encoded in each wavelength component to the corresponding stimulation site through the associated output position.

2. A stimulation device according to claim 1, wherein said light generating means comprise at least one light-emitting diode.

3. A stimulation device according to claim 1, wherein said light generating means comprise at least one laser diode.

4. A stimulation device according to claim 1, wherein said light generating means comprise a plurality of light sources, each generating one of said wavelength components.

5. A stimulation device according to claim 4, wherein said encoding means comprise amplitude modulation controls coupled to each of said light sources for modulating an amplitude of the corresponding wavelength component generated thereby.

6. A stimulation device according to claim 5, wherein said multiplexing arrangement comprises at least one focussing element downstream said light generating means for multiplexing said wavelength components into said encoded light signal.

7. A stimulation device according to claim 1, wherein said light generating means comprise a light source generating a multi-wavelength light signal comprising said wavelength components.

8. A stimulation device according to claim 7, wherein said light generating means comprise a collimating assembly for collimating said multi-wavelength light signal.

9. A stimulation device according to claim 7, wherein said encoding means comprise:

at least one dispersing element for spatially separating said multi-wavelength light signal into said wavelength components; and

a spatial light modulator downstream said dispersive element for separately modulating an amplitude of each of said wavelength components.

10. A device according to claim 9, wherein said dispersing element is a blazed grating used in reflective mode.

11. A stimulation device according to claim 9, wherein said multiplexing arrangement comprises at least one focussing element downstream said spatial light modulator for multiplexing said wavelength components into said encoded light signal.

12. A stimulation device according to claim 11, wherein said at least one focussing element is a reflector.

13. A stimulation device according to claim 11, wherein said at least one focussing element is a refractor.

14. A stimulation device according to claim 1, wherein said primary waveguide is an optical fiber having a core and a cladding.

15. A stimulation device according to claim 14, wherein said optical fiber is a micro-structured fiber comprising a plurality of air gaps in said cladding extending along a length of said core.

16. A stimulation device according to claim 1, wherein said outcoupling arrangement comprises at least one reflecting element.

17. A stimulation device according to claim 16, wherein said at least one reflecting element comprises at least one blazed optical grating.

18. A stimulation device according to claim 17, wherein at least one blazed optical grating comprises a single chirped Bragg grating having a period selected to reflect each of said wavelength components at one of said output positions along the light-guiding axis.

19. A stimulation device according to claim 17, wherein said at least one blazed optical grating comprises a plurality of uniform Bragg gratings each positioned at one of said output positions along the light guiding axis, each of said uniform Bragg gratings being associated with one of said wavelength components.

20. A stimulation device according to claim 17, wherein said at least one blazed optical grating comprises a long-period grating having a period selected to reflect each of said wavelength components at one of said output positions along the light-guiding axis.

21. A stimulation device according to claim 1, wherein said outcoupling arrangement comprises a plurality of dielectric reflectors oriented at an angle with respect to said light-guiding axis, each of said dielectric reflectors being positioned at one of said output positions along the light guiding axis and being associated with one of said wavelength components.

22. A stimulation device according to claim 1, wherein said outcoupling arrangement comprises a plurality of transversal inserts, each associated with one of said output positions, each of said inserts reflecting one of said wavelength components out of said primary waveguide.

23. A stimulation device according to claim 1, wherein said outcoupling arrangement comprises a plurality of transversal inserts, each associated with one of said output positions, each of said inserts refracting one of said wavelength components out of said primary waveguide.

24. A stimulation device according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of electrodes, each associated with one of said output positions, for transducing a corresponding one of said wavelength components into an electrical stimulation signal.

25. A stimulation device according to claim 24, further comprising a plurality of grooves in an outer surface of said primary waveguide for each of said output positions, each of said electrodes being received into one of said grooves.

26. A stimulation device according to claim 24, wherein each of said electrodes comprises a localised layer of photoelectric material.

27. A stimulation device according to claim 26, wherein each of said electrodes comprises a layer of biocompatible material coating said layer of photoelectric material.

28. A stimulation device according to claim 26, wherein said photoelectric material of said electrode is a photovoltaic material.

29. A stimulation device according to claim 26, wherein said photoelectric material of said electrode is a photoconductive material.

30. A stimulation device according to claim 26, further comprising voltage means for applying a polarization voltage to said photoelectric material.

31. A stimulation device according to claim 30, wherein said voltage means comprise an electrical wire extending along said primary waveguide.

32. A stimulation device according to claim 31, further comprising a groove along an outer surface of said waveguide for receiving said electrical wire.

33. A stimulation device according to claim 30, wherein said voltage means comprise an electrically conductive cladding provided along said primary waveguide.

34. A stimulation device according to claim 1, further comprising an optical window provided in said primary waveguide at each of said output positions.

35. A stimulation device according to claim 34, wherein each of said optical windows is made of a material having a refractive index higher than a refractive index along said light-guiding axis of said primary waveguide.

36. A stimulation device according to claim 34, wherein each of said optical windows is made of a dielectric material having a tailored spectral transmission profile.

37. A stimulation device according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of secondary optical fibers, each of said secondary optical fibers having an input end coupled to one of said output positions for receiving the corresponding wavelength component therefrom, and an output end coupled to a corresponding stimulation site.

38. A stimulation device according to claim 37, wherein each of said secondary optical fiber comprises an electrode at said output end thereof for transducing a corresponding one of said wavelength components into an electrical stimulation signal.

39. A method for transmitting stimulation information to a plurality of physiological stimulation sites in a body of a patient, said method comprising the steps of:

a. generating light having a plurality of wavelength components;

b. separately encoding at least a portion of said stimulation information into each of said wavelength components;

c. multiplexing said wavelength components encoded by the encoding means into an encoded light signal;

d. guiding said encoded light signal along a light-guiding axis of a primary waveguide having an output end implanted in the body of the patient proximate said stimulation sites, said output end having a plurality of output positions spatially distributed along said light-guiding axis; and

e. transversally coupling each of the wavelength components of the encoded light signal out of said primary waveguide at a different one of said output positions through a wavelength-sensitive outcoupling arrangement, each of said output positions being associated with one of said stimulation sites, the at least a portion of said stimulation information encoded in each wavelength component being transmitted to the corresponding stimulation site through the associated output position.

40. A method according to claim 39, wherein the generating of step (a) comprises activating a plurality of light sources, each generating one of said wavelength components.

41. A method according to claim 40, wherein the encoding of step (b) comprises controlling each of said light sources to modulate an amplitude of the wavelength component generated thereby.

42. A method according to claim 41, wherein the encoding of step (b) further comprises timing said controlling of each of the light sources to temporally modulate the wavelength component generated thereby such that said wavelength components are coupled out of said primary waveguide simultaneously.

43. A method according to claim 41, wherein the encoding of step (b) further comprises timing said controlling of each of the light sources to temporally modulate the wavelength component generated thereby such that said wavelength components are coupled out of said primary waveguide sequentially.

44. A method according to claim 39, wherein the generating of step (a) comprises activating a light source generating a multi-wavelength light signal comprising said wavelength components.

45. A method according to claim 44, comprising a step between steps (a) and (b) of separating said multi-wavelength light signal into said wavelength components.

46. A method according to claim 45, wherein the encoding of step (b) comprises modulating an amplitude of each of said wavelength components.

47. A method according to claim 39, wherein the multiplexing of step (c) comprises placing a focussing element in a path of said wavelength components.

48. A method according to claim 39, wherein the guiding of step d) comprises using an optical fiber having a core and a cladding as said primary waveguide.

49. A method according to claim 48, wherein the transversal coupling of step (e) comprises providing at least one blazed optical grating in said optical fiber.

50. A method according to claim 49, wherein said at least one blazed optical grating comprises a single chirped Bragg grating having a period selected to reflect each of said wavelength components at one of said output positions along the light-guiding axis.

51. A method according to claim 49, wherein said at least one blazed optical grating comprises a plurality of uniform Bragg gratings each positioned at one of said output positions along the light guiding axis, each of said uniform Bragg gratings being associated with one of said wavelength components.

52. A method according to claim 49, wherein said at least one blazed optical grating comprises a long-period grating having a period selected to reflect each of said wavelength components at one of said output positions along the light-guiding axis.

53. A method according to claim 48, wherein the transversal coupling of step (e) comprises providing a plurality of dielectric reflectors in said optical fiber oriented at an angle with respect to said light-guiding axis, each of said dielectric reflectors being positioned at one of said output positions along the light guiding axis and being associated with one of said wavelength components.

54. A method according to claim 39, further comprising an additional step of:

(f) converting said wavelength components into electrical stimulation signals.

55. A method according to claim 54, wherein the converting of step (f) comprises providing a plurality of electrodes each associated with one of said output positions.

56. A method according to claim 55, wherein each of said electrodes comprises a layer of photoelectric material deposited on an outer surface of said primary waveguide.

57. A method according to claim 55, wherein step (f) further comprises applying a polarization voltage to said photoelectric material.

58. A method according to claim 39, wherein the transversal coupling of step (e) further comprises outputting each of said wavelength components through an optical window provided in said primary waveguide at each of said output positions.

59. A method according to claim 39, wherein said stimulation sites are cerebral neuronal sites along a visual pathway, said stimulation information thereby stimulating a visual response.

60. A method according to claim 39, wherein said stimulation sites are muscle tissue sites whose contraction is to be stimulated.

61. A method according to claim 39, wherein said stimulation sites host tissue whose growth is to be stimulated.

62. A method according to claim 39, wherein said stimulation sites comprise biochemical compounds adapted for photoactivation by said wavelength components.

63. A cochlear implant for transmitting auditory stimulation information to auditory neuron sites of the cochlea in situ of a patient, said cochlear implant comprising:

light generating means for generating light having a plurality of wavelength components;

encoding means for separately encoding at least a portion of said auditory stimulation information into each of said wavelength components;

a multiplexing arrangement for multiplexing said wavelength components encoded by the encoding means into an encoded light signal;

a primary waveguide having an input end operationally connected to the multiplexing arrangement for receiving the encoded light signal therefrom, a light-guiding axis for guiding said encoded light signal therealong and an output end adapted to be implanted proximate said auditory neuron sites of the cochlea, said output end having a plurality of output positions spatially distributed along said light-guiding axis; and

an outcoupling arrangement provided at said output end of the primary waveguide, said outcoupling arrangement being wavelength-sensitive for transversally coupling each of the wavelength components of the encoded light signal out of said primary waveguide at a respective one of a plurality of output positions along the light-guiding axis, each of said output positions being associated with a corresponding different one of said auditory neuron sites of the cochlea, said outcoupling arrangement transmitting the at least a portion of said stimulation information encoded in each wavelength component to the corresponding neuron site through the associated output position.

64. A cochlear implant according to claim 63, further comprising a plurality of electrodes, each associated with one of said output positions, for transducing a corresponding one of said wavelength components into an electrical stimulation signal.

65. A cochlear implant according to claim 63, further comprising an optical window provided in said primary waveguide at each of said output positions.