Apparatus and method of biometric determination using specialized optical spectroscopy systems

• US 7,890,158 B2
• Filed: 06/05/2001
• Issued: 02/15/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 06/05/2001
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: HID Global Corporation (Assa Abloy AB)
• Original Assignee: Lumidigm Incorporated (Assa Abloy AB)
• Inventors: Rowe, Robert K., Hendee, Shonn P., Corcoran, Stephen P.
• Primary Examiner(s): Casler; Brian
• Assistant Examiner(s): Ramirez; John F
• Application Number:
  US09/874,740
• Publication Number:
  US 20020183624A1
• Time in Patent Office: 3,542 Days
• Field of Search: 382115-127, 356/71, 356/51, 356/303, 356/445, 356/939, 250/559.44, 250/316.1, 250/339.1, 250/339.07, 250/341.8, 600/476
• US Class Current: 600/476
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0059 using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence A61B5/0093, A61B5/1455, A61B5/02416 and A61B5/0261 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/117 Identification of persons methods or arrangements for recognising patterns, e.g. fingerprints, G06F18/00, G06V40/00; identification of persons by analysing their voice or speech G10L17/00
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/681 Wristwatch-type devices
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7264 Classification of physiological signals or data, e.g. using neural networks, statistical classifiers, expert systems or fuzzy systems neural networks per se G06N3/00; expert systems per se G06N5/00
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 10/00 Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 20/00 Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 5/00 Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 18/00 Pattern recognition
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 9/00563 using personal physical data of the operator, e.g. finger prints, retinal images, voicepatterns
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 9/37 using biometric data, e.g. fingerprints, iris scans or voice recognition

Abstract

Methods and apparatuses for performing biometric determinations using optical spectroscopy of tissue. The biometric determinations that are disclosed include determination or verifications of identity, estimation of age, estimation of sex, determination of sample liveness and sample authenticity. The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are spaced at multiple distances from a detector to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches, electronic fobs for the purpose of providing secure biometric access to protected property.

Claims

1. A system for collecting spectral information from tissue for performing biometric determination tasks comprising:

a plurality of discrete light sources;

means to direct light from the plurality of discrete light sources into the tissue;

means to detect light that has substantially passed through sub-surface tissue;

means to record and store signals from the means to detect light as distinct data points for light detected from each of the plurality of discrete light sources ; and

means for processing the resulting spectral data as distinct data points for each of the plurality of discrete data points to perform a biometric determination.

2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said light sources are light emitting diodes.

3. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said light sources are laser diodes.

4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said light sources are vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs).

5. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said light sources are based on one or more incandescent sources coupled to a plurality of optical filters.

6. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to direct the light into the tissue causes the light to enter the tissue at substantially the same source-detector distance for all combinations of sources and detectors.

7. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to direct the light into the tissue causes the light to enter the tissue at substantially different source-detector distances for some combinations of sources and detectors.

8. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said tissue is skin.

9. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to detect light is a single-element detector.

10. The system as recited in claim 9, wherein said single element detector is a silicon detector.

11. The system as recited in claim 9, wherein said single element detector is an indium gallium arsenide detector.

12. The system as recited in claim 9, wherein said single element detector is an lead sulfide detector.

13. The system as recited in claim 9, wherein said single element detector is a bolometer.

14. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said means to detect light is a detector array.

15. The system as recited in claim 14, wherein said detector array is a silicon detector array.

16. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said detected light is diffusely reflected from the tissue.

17. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said detected light is transmitted through the tissue.

18. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is an identification task.

19. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is a identity verification task.

20. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is an age estimation task.

21. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is a sex estimation task.

22. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is a liveness determination task.

23. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein said biometric determination is an authentic-sample determination task.

24. The system as recited in claim 1, further comprising means to encode the light sources.

25. The system as recited in claim 24, wherein said means to encode the light sources is electronic.

26. The system as recited in claim 24, wherein said means to encode the light sources is electromechanical.

27. The system as recited in claim 26, wherein said electromechanical means of encoding is a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) assembly.

28. The system as recited in claim 24, wherein said means to encode the light sources is mechanical.

29. The system as recited in claim 24, wherein said encoding causes a sequential series of single light sources to illuminate the tissue during the tissue sampling interval.

30. The system as recited in claim 24, wherein said encoding causes combinations of light sources to illuminate the tissue during the sampling interval.

31. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein at least two of the plurality of discrete light sources provide light with different wavelength characteristics.

32. A method for performing a biometric determination task using tissue spectral data, said spectral data having a number of measurement values, comprising the steps of:

obtaining target tissue spectral data from said target individual using illumination from a number of discrete light sources; and

processing said target tissue spectral data as discrete data points using multivariate algorithms to produce a biometric determination.

33. The method recited in claim 32 wherein said spectral data represents a single source-detector separation distance.

34. The method recited in claim 32 wherein said spectral data represents a plurality of source-detector separation distances.

35. The method recited in claim 32 wherein said biometric determination is an identification task.

36. The method recited in claim 32 wherein said biometric determination is an identity verification task.

37. The method recited in claim 32 wherein said biometric determination is an age estimation task.

38. The method recited in claim 32 wherein said biometric determination is a sex estimation task.

39. The method recited in claim 32 wherein said biometric determination is a liveness determination task.

40. The method recited in claim 32 wherein said biometric determination is a sample authenticity task.

41. The method recited in claim 32 wherein said spectral data represents a number of different wavelengths.