Control of combined storage and generation in distributed energy resources

• US 7,920,942 B2
• Filed: 03/01/2007
• Issued: 04/05/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 03/01/2007
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (University of Wisconsin System)
• Original Assignee: Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (University of Wisconsin System)
• Inventors: Piagi, Paolo, Lasseter, Robert H.
• Primary Examiner(s): Rodriguez; Paul L
• Assistant Examiner(s): Rao; Sheela
• Application Number:
  US11/681,017
• Publication Number:
  US 20090326724A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,496 Days
• Field of Search: 700/286, 700/291, 700/295, 700/297, 700/298, 323/212
• US Class Current: 700/286
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/10 The dispersed energy generation being of fossil origin, e.g. diesel generators
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/20 The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/24 of photovoltaic origin
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/28 The renewable source being wind energy
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/28 Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/381 Dispersed generators
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/388 Islanding, i.e. disconnection of local power supply from the network
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 9/062 for AC powered loads
• CPC Class Codes: H02P 2101/15 for wind-driven turbines
• CPC Class Codes: H02P 9/04 Control effected upon non-electric prime mover and dependent upon electric output value of the generator
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 10/70 Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/56 Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/76 Power conversion electric or electronic aspects
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 70/30 Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin

Abstract

A microsource is provided, which includes an energy storage device, a power generation device, and a controller. The energy storage device is operably coupled for power transfer to a load through a first power bus. The power generation device is operably coupled for power transfer to the load through a second power bus. The controller determines a mode of operation for the energy storage device and the power generation device based on an energy level of the energy storage device and on the load; determines minimum power set points and maximum power set points for the energy storage device and the power generation device based on the determined mode of operation, on a storage output power measured at the first power bus, and on a generation output power measured at the second power bus; and controls an output power of the energy storage device and an output power of the power generation device based on the determined minimum and maximum power set points.

Claims

1. A controller for controlling an energy storage device and a power generation device used in a distributed energy resource, the controller comprising circuitry:

to determine a mode of operation for an energy storage device and a power generation device based on an energy level of the energy storage device and on a load to which the energy storage device and the power generation device are operably coupled for power transfer;

to determine a first minimum power set point and a first maximum power set point for the energy storage device based on the determined mode of operation and on a storage output power, wherein the storage output power is measured at a first power bus operably coupled to the energy storage device;

to determine a second minimum power set point and a second maximum power set point for the power generation device based on the determined mode of operation and on a generation output power, wherein the generation output power is measured at a second power bus operably coupled to the power generation device;

to control a first output power of the energy storage device based on the determined first minimum power set point and the determined first maximum power set point; and

to control a second output power of the power generation device based on the determined second minimum power set point and the determined second maximum power set point.

2. The controller of claim 1, wherein controlling the first output power of the energy storage device comprises:

calculating a maximum frequency change for an inverter coupled with the energy storage device based on a first comparison between the determined first maximum power set point and the storage output power;

calculating a minimum frequency change for the inverter based on a second comparison between the determined first minimum power set point and the storage output power;

calculating an operating frequency for the inverter based on a third comparison between a power set point and a measured power flow;

calculating a requested frequency for the inverter by combining the calculated maximum frequency change, the calculated minimum frequency change, and the calculated operating frequency; and

integrating the calculated requested frequency to determine a phase angle of a voltage of the inverter to control the first output power.

3. The controller of claim 2, wherein the measured power flow is the storage output power.

4. The controller of claim 2, further comprising regulating an output voltage of the inverter using a voltage versus reactive power droop controller.

5. The controller of claim 1, wherein controlling the second output power of the power generation comprises:

calculating a maximum frequency change for the power generation device based on the determined second maximum power set point and the generation output power;

calculating a minimum frequency change for the power generation device based on the determined second minimum power set point and the generation output power;

calculating an operating frequency for the power generation device based on a third comparison between a power set point and a measured power flow;

calculating a requested shaft speed for the power generation device by combining the calculated maximum frequency change, the calculated minimum frequency change, and the calculated operating frequency;

calculating a shaft speed adjustment for the power generation device based on a fourth comparison between the calculated requested shaft speed and a measured shaft speed of the power generation device;

calculating a fuel command for the power generation device based on the calculated shaft speed adjustment; and

adjusting a rotation rate of a shaft of the power generation device based on the calculated fuel command to control the second output power.

6. The controller of claim 5, wherein the measured power flow is the generation output power.

7. The controller of claim 5, further comprising regulating an output voltage of the power generation device using a voltage versus reactive power droop controller.

8. The controller of claim 1, wherein in a first mode of operation, the determined first minimum power set point is a constant power level, the determined first maximum power set point is the constant power level, the determined second minimum power set point is approximately zero, and the second maximum power set point is determined to provide an excess power level required by the load.

9. The controller of claim 8, wherein the constant power level is a preferred discharge rate of the energy storage device.

10. The controller of claim 1, wherein in a first mode of operation, the determined second minimum power set point is a constant power level, the determined second maximum power set point is the constant power level, the determined first maximum power set point is a maximum discharge rate of the energy storage device, and the first minimum power set point is determined to provide an excess power level required by the load.

11. The controller of claim 1, wherein in a first mode of operation, the determined first minimum power set point is a charge rate of the energy storage device and the determined first maximum power set point is a maximum discharge rate of the energy storage device.

12. The controller of claim 11, wherein the determined second minimum power set point is approximately zero, the determined second maximum power set point is approximately zero, and further wherein the power transfer charges the energy storage device.

13. The controller of claim 1, wherein in a first mode of operation, the determined first minimum power set point is a maximum charge rate of the energy storage device, the determined first maximum power set point is a maximum discharge rate of the energy storage device, the determined second minimum power set point is approximately zero, and the determined second maximum power set point is a maximum sustained power output of the power generation device.

14. The controller of claim 13, wherein the power transfer is zero.

15. The controller of claim 1, wherein the energy level of the energy storage device is below a minimum reserve value, and further wherein the determined second minimum power set point is a maximum sustained power output of the power generation device, the determined second maximum power set point is the maximum sustained power output of the power generation device, and the second output power of the power generation device charges the energy storage device.

16. The controller of claim 15, wherein the determined first minimum power set point is a maximum charge rate of the energy storage device, and the determined first maximum power set point is a maximum discharge rate of the energy storage device.

17. The controller of claim 1, wherein the energy level of the energy storage device is above a maximum reserve value, and further wherein the determined second minimum power set point is approximately zero, the determined second maximum power set point is approximately zero, the determined first minimum power set point is approximately zero, and the determined first maximum power set point is a maximum discharge rate of the energy storage device.

18. A method of controlling an energy storage device and a power generation device used in a distributed energy resource, the method comprising:

determining a mode of operation for an energy storage device and a power generation device based on an energy level of the energy storage device and on a load to which the energy storage device and the power generation device are operably coupled for power transfer;

determining a first minimum power set point and a first maximum power set point for the energy storage device based on the determined mode of operation and on a storage output power, wherein the storage output power is measured at a first power bus operably coupled to the energy storage device;

determining a second minimum power set point and a second maximum power set point for the power generation device based on the determined mode of operation and on a generation output power, wherein the generation output power is measured at a second power bus operably coupled to the power generation device;

controlling a first output power of the energy storage device based on the determined first minimum power set point and the determined first maximum power set point; and

controlling a second output power of the power generation device based on the determined second minimum power set point and the determined second maximum power set point.

19. A microsource, the microsource comprising:

an energy storage device operably coupled for power transfer to a load through a first power bus;

a power generation device operably coupled for power transfer to the load through a second power bus; and

a controller operably coupled with the energy storage device and the power generation device, the controller including circuitry

to determine a mode of operation for the energy storage device and the power generation device based on an energy level of the energy storage device and on the load;

to determine a first minimum power set point and a first maximum power set point for the energy storage device based on the determined mode of operation and on a storage output power measured at the first power bus;

to determine a second minimum power set point and a second maximum power set point for the power generation device based on the determined mode of operation and on a generation output power measured at the second power bus;

to control a first output power of the energy storage device based on the determined first minimum power set point and the determined first maximum power set point; and

to control a second output power of the power generation device based on the determined second minimum power set point and the determined second maximum power set point.