System and method for regulation of solid state lighting

• US 7,956,554 B2
• Filed: 10/29/2007
• Issued: 06/07/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 09/21/2007
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Chemtron Research LLC (Intellectual Ventures LLC)
• Original Assignee: Exclara, Inc. (Million Star Technology Ltd.)
• Inventors: Rodriguez, Harry, Shteynberg, Anatoly, Zhou, Dongsheng, Lehman, Bradley M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Vo; Tuyet Thi
• Application Number:
  US11/927,263
• Publication Number:
  US 20090079360A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,317 Days
• Field of Search: 315/291, 315/247, 315/209.R, 315/224, 315307-326, 315/293, 345/102, 345/204, 345/82, 345211-214
• US Class Current: 315/293
• CPC Class Codes: G09G 2320/0242 Compensation of deficiencies in the appearance of colours
• CPC Class Codes: G09G 2320/041 Temperature compensation
• CPC Class Codes: G09G 2320/064 by time modulation of the brightness of the illumination source
• CPC Class Codes: G09G 2320/0666 for control of colour parameters, e.g. colour temperature
• CPC Class Codes: G09G 2330/06 Handling electromagnetic interferences [EMI], covering emitted as well as received electromagnetic radiation
• CPC Class Codes: G09G 3/3413 Details of control of colour illumination sources
• CPC Class Codes: G09G 3/342 using several illumination sources separately controlled corresponding to different display panel areas, e.g. along one dimension such as lines
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 45/24 using electrical feedback from LEDs or from LED modules
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 45/28 using temperature feedback
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 45/3725 Switched mode power supply [SMPS]

Abstract

Exemplary embodiments of the invention provide a system, apparatus, and method of controlling an intensity and spectrum of light emitted from a solid state lighting system. The solid state lighting has a first emitted spectrum at full intensity and at a selected temperature, with a first electrical biasing for the solid state lighting producing a first wavelength shift, and a second electrical biasing for the solid state lighting producing a second, opposing wavelength shift. Exemplary embodiments provide for receiving information designating a selected intensity level or a selected temperature; and providing a combined first electrical biasing and second electrical biasing to the solid state lighting to generate emitted light having the selected intensity level and having a second emitted spectrum within a predetermined variance of the first emitted spectrum over a predetermined range of temperatures.

Claims

1. An illumination control method for a plurality of light emitting diodes, the plurality of light emitting diodes comprising at least one or more first light emitting diodes having a first spectrum and at least one or more second light emitting diodes having a second, different spectrum, a first electrical biasing for the at least one or more first light emitting diodes producing a first wavelength shift, a second electrical biasing for the at least one or more first light emitting diodes producing a second wavelength shift opposing the first wavelength shift, a third electrical biasing for the at least one or more second light emitting diodes producing a third wavelength shift, a fourth electrical biasing for the at least one or more second light emitting diodes producing a fourth wavelength shift opposing the third wavelength shift, the method comprising:

monitoring an input control signal, the input control signal designating a first intensity level for the at least one or more first light emitting diodes and a second intensity level for the at least one or more second light emitting diodes;

retrieving a first plurality of parameters stored in a memory, the plurality of parameters designating a corresponding combination of the first electrical biasing and the second electrical biasing for the first intensity level;

retrieving a second plurality of parameters stored in the memory, the second plurality of parameters designating a corresponding combination of the third electrical biasing and the fourth electrical biasing for the second intensity level;

processing the first plurality of parameters into at least one first input electrical biasing control signal for the at least one or more first light emitting diodes;

processing the second plurality of parameters into at least one second input electrical biasing control signal for the at least one or more second light emitting diodes;

operating the at least one or more first light emitting diodes with a first time-averaged modulation of forward current conforming to the at least one first input electrical biasing control signal to provide the first intensity level; and

operating the at least one or more second light emitting diodes with a second time-averaged modulation of forward current conforming to the at least one second input electrical biasing control signal to provide the second intensity level independently of the first intensity level.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein emitted light from the at least one or more first light emitting diodes at the first intensity level has a first peak wavelength within a first predetermined variance of a first full intensity peak wavelength and wherein emitted light from the at least one or more second light emitting diodes at the second intensity level has a second peak wavelength within a second predetermined variance of a second full intensity peak wavelength.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the input control signal is provided by at least one of the following:

a lighting controller, a microprocessor, a remote controller, an AC phase modulation controller, or a manual controller.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the input control signal has an analog or digital form compatible with an input interface of a controller of an LED driver.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

selecting the first electrical biasing for corresponding p-n junctions of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes to produce the first wavelength shift in response to variation of the intensity level;

selecting the second electrical biasing for the corresponding p-n junctions of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes to produce the second, opposing wavelength shift in response to variation of the intensity level;

selecting the third electrical biasing for corresponding p-n junctions of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes to produce the third wavelength shift in response to variation of the intensity level; and

selecting the fourth electrical biasing for the corresponding p-n junctions of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes to produce the fourth, opposing wavelength shift in response to variation of the intensity level.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:

statistically characterizing the at least one or more first light emitting diodes for the first electrical biasing and the second electrical biasing as a function of intensity levels; and

statistically characterizing the at least one or more second light emitting diodes for the third electrical biasing and the fourth electrical biasing as a function of intensity levels.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:

theoretically predicting the combination of the first electrical biasing and the second electrical biasing to control both intensity and wavelength shifts of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes; and

theoretically predicting the combination of the third electrical biasing and the fourth electrical biasing to control both intensity and wavelength shifts of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:

theoretically predicting the combinations to control intensity and to provide any wavelength shifts are substantially close to zero.

9. The method of claim 7, further comprising:

storing the predicted combination of the first electrical biasing and the second electrical biasing as the first plurality of parameters in the memory of a controller for a driver circuit for the at least one or more first light emitting diodes; and

storing the predicted combination of the third electrical biasing and the fourth electrical biasing as the second plurality of parameters in the memory of a controller for a driver circuit for the at least one or more second light emitting diodes.

10. The method of claim 7, further comprising:

storing the predicted combinations as the first and second pluralities of parameters in the form of a look up table.

11. The method of claim 7, further comprising:

storing each predicted combination as at least one corresponding linear or functional equation for intensity adjustment.

12. The method of claim 6, wherein the first and second intensity levels are selected from a plurality of time-scheduled intensity levels received through an addressable interface for the at least one or more first light emitting diodes and the at least one or more second light emitting diodes.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first, second, third and fourth electrical biasings are a forward current or bias voltage of the at least one or more first or second light emitting diodes.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first, second, third and fourth electrical biasings is an adaptation of an average DC current using any waveform of analog current control.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first, second, third and fourth electrical biasings is a pulse modulated current.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first, second, third and fourth electrical biasings is at least one of the following:

pulse width modulation, pulse frequency modulation, pulse amplitude modulation, or a time-averaged pulse modulated current.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the operating steps further comprise:

operating the at least one or more first light emitting diodes with the first time-averaged modulation of forward current conforming to the at least one first input electrical biasing control signal to provide both the first intensity level and a corresponding wavelength shift within a first predetermined variance of the first spectrum; and

operating the at least one or more second light emitting diodes with a second time-averaged modulation of forward current conforming to the at least one second input electrical biasing control signal to provide both the second intensity level independently of the first intensity level and a corresponding wavelength shift within a second predetermined variance of the second spectrum.

18. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

independently controlling the first intensity and the second intensity within a predetermined spectral variance to regulate an overall color generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes.

19. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

independently controlling the first intensity and the second intensity within a predetermined spectral variance to provide that an overall color generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes comprises a sequence of a plurality of single colors emitted during corresponding time intervals.

20. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

independently controlling the first intensity and the second intensity within a predetermined spectral variance to dim the light generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes.

21. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

independently controlling the first intensity and the second intensity within a predetermined spectral variance to produce a dynamic lighting effect from the plurality of light emitting diodes.

22. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

independently controlling the first intensity and the second intensity within a predetermined spectral variance to regulate a color temperature of the light generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes.

23. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

synchronizing the combination of the first electrical biasing and second electrical biasing with a first switching cycle of a first switch mode LED driver; and

synchronizing the combination of the third electrical biasing and fourth electrical biasing with a second switching cycle of a second switch mode LED driver.

24. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

updating a first frame synchronization register associated with a first controller of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes to store the at least one first input electrical biasing control signal; and

updating a second frame synchronization register associated with a second controller of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes to store the at least one second input electrical biasing control signal.

25. The method of claim 24, further comprising:

updating the first frame synchronization register with a new at least one first input electrical biasing control signal beginning at each fixed period of time synchronized to first switching frequency; and

updating the second frame synchronization register with a new at least one second input electrical biasing control signal beginning at each fixed period of time synchronized to second switching frequency.

26. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

reducing flickering by synchronizing the combination of the first electrical biasing and second electrical biasing with a first switching cycle of a first switch mode LED driver and synchronizing the combination of the third electrical biasing and fourth electrical biasing with a second switching cycle of a second switch mode LED driver.

27. A lighting system having variable intensity, the system comprising:

a plurality of light emitting diodes, the plurality of light emitting diodes comprising at least one or more first light emitting diodes connected in a first channel and having a first spectrum and at least one or more second light emitting diodes connected in a second channel and having a second, different spectrum, a first electrical biasing for the at least one or more first light emitting diodes producing a first wavelength shift, a second electrical biasing for the at least one or more first light emitting diodes producing a second wavelength shift opposing the first wavelength shift, a third electrical biasing for the at least one or more second light emitting diodes producing a third wavelength shift, a fourth electrical biasing for the at least one or more second light emitting diodes producing a fourth wavelength shift opposing the third wavelength shift;

at least one first driver circuit coupled to the at least one or more first light emitting diodes, the at least one first driver circuit comprising a first regulator and a first power converter, the at least one first driver circuit adapted to respond to a first plurality of input operational signals to provide a first combination of the first electrical biasing and the second electrical biasing to the at least one or more first light emitting diodes;

at least one second driver circuit coupled to the at least one or more second light emitting diodes, the at least one second driver circuit comprising a second regulator and a second power converter, the at least one second driver circuit adapted to respond to a second plurality of input operational signals to provide a second combination of the third electrical biasing and the fourth electrical biasing to the at least one or more second light emitting diodes;

at least one first controller couplable to a user interface and coupled to the at least one first driver circuit, the at least one first controller further comprising a first memory, the at least one first controller adapted to retrieve a first plurality of parameters stored in the first memory, the first plurality of parameters corresponding to a first intensity level provided by the user interface and designating the first combination of the first electrical biasing and the second electrical biasing;

the at least one first controller further adapted to convert the first plurality of parameters into at least one first input operational control signal to provide the first intensity level of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes with wavelength emission control; and

at least one second controller couplable to the user interface and coupled to the at least one second driver circuit, the at least one second controller further comprising a second memory, the at least one second controller adapted to retrieve a second plurality of parameters stored in the second memory, the second plurality of parameters corresponding to a second intensity level provided by the user interface and designating the second combination of the third electrical biasing and the fourth electrical biasing;

the at least one second controller further adapted to convert the second plurality of parameters into at least one second input operational control signal to provide the second intensity level of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes with wavelength emission control.

28. The system of claim 27, wherein emitted light from the at least one or more first light emitting diodes at the first intensity level has a first peak wavelength within a first predetermined variance of a first full intensity peak wavelength and wherein emitted light from the at least one or more second light emitting diodes at the second intensity level has a second peak wavelength within a second predetermined variance of a second full intensity peak wavelength.

29. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller independently controls the first intensity and wavelength emission of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes and the at least one second controller independently controls the second intensity and wavelength emission of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes to regulate an overall color generated by the lighting system.

30. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller independently controls the first intensity and wavelength emission of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes and the at least one second controller independently controls the second intensity and wavelength emission of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes to provide that an overall color generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes comprises a sequence of a plurality of single colors emitted during corresponding time intervals.

31. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller independently controls the first intensity and wavelength emission of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes and the at least one second controller independently controls the second intensity and wavelength emission of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes to dim the light generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes.

32. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller independently controls the first intensity and wavelength emission of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes and the at least one second controller independently controls the second intensity and wavelength emission of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes to produce a dynamic lighting effect selected through the user interface.

33. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller independently controls the first intensity and wavelength emission of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes and the at least one second controller independently controls the second intensity and wavelength emission of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes to regulate a color temperature of the light generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes.

34. The system of claim 27, wherein the first, second, third and fourth electrical biasings are a forward current or bias voltage of the at least one or more first or second light emitting diodes.

35. The system of claim 27, wherein at least one of the first, second, third and fourth electrical biasings is an adaptation of an average DC current using any waveform of analog current control.

36. The system of claim 27, wherein at least one of the first, second, third and fourth electrical biasings is a pulse modulated current.

37. The system of claim 27, wherein at least one of the first, second, third and fourth electrical biasings is at least one of the following:

pulse width modulation, pulse frequency modulation, pulse amplitude modulation, or a time-averaged pulse modulated current.

38. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller generates the at least one first input operational control signal to provide a first combination of non-zero first electrical biasing and second electrical biasing to regulate wavelength emission while maintaining the average first intensity substantially constant.

39. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one second controller generates the at least one second input operational control signal to provide a second combination of non-zero third electrical biasing and fourth electrical biasing to regulate wavelength emission while maintaining the average second intensity substantially constant.

40. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller is further adapted to generate to the at least one first input electrical biasing control signal to provide both the first intensity level and a corresponding wavelength shift within a first predetermined variance of the first spectrum;

and wherein the at least one second controller is further adapted to generate the at least one second input electrical biasing control signal to provide both the second intensity level independently of the first intensity level and a corresponding wavelength shift within a second predetermined variance of the second spectrum.

41. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller and the at least one second controller are further adapted to control the first intensity and the second intensity within a predetermined spectral variance to regulate an overall color generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes.

42. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller and the at least one second controller are further adapted to control the first intensity and the second intensity within a predetermined spectral variance to provide that an overall color generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes comprises a sequence of a plurality of single colors emitted during corresponding time intervals.

43. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller and the at least one second controller are further adapted to control the first intensity and the second intensity within a predetermined spectral variance to dim the light generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes.

44. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller and the at least one second controller are further adapted to control the first intensity and the second intensity within a predetermined spectral variance to produce a dynamic lighting effect from the plurality of light emitting diodes.

45. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller and the at least one second controller are further adapted to control the first intensity and the second intensity within a predetermined spectral variance to regulate a color temperature of the light generated by the plurality of light emitting diodes.

46. The system of claim 27, wherein the first plurality of parameters are a prediction of the combination of the first electrical biasing and the second electrical biasing to control both intensity and wavelength shifts of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes, and wherein the second plurality of parameters are a prediction of the combination of the third electrical biasing and the fourth electrical biasing to control both intensity and wavelength shifts of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes.

47. The system of claim 27, wherein the first plurality of parameters are a prediction of the combination of the first electrical biasing and the second electrical biasing to control intensity of and to provide any wavelength shifts are substantially close to zero for the at least one or more first light emitting diodes, and wherein the second plurality of parameters are a prediction of the combination of the third electrical biasing and the fourth electrical biasing to control intensity of and to provide any wavelength shifts are substantially close to zero for the at least one or more second light emitting diodes.

48. The system of claim 27, wherein the first plurality of parameters are a prediction of the operation of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes from the application of the combination of the first electrical biasing and the second electrical biasing during symmetrical or asymmetrical dimming cycles for a predetermined range of intensity variation;

and wherein the second plurality of parameters are a prediction of the operation of the at least one or more second light emitting diodes from the application of the combination of the third electrical biasing and the fourth electrical biasing during symmetrical or asymmetrical dimming cycles for the predetermined range of intensity variation.

49. The system of claim 27, wherein the first and second pluralities of parameters are each stored in the form of a look up table in the respective first and second memories.

50. The system of claim 27, wherein the first and second pluralities of parameters are each stored in the form of at least one linear or functional equation for intensity adjustment within every dimming cycle or every second dimming cycle for the corresponding electrical biasings.

51. The system of claim 27, wherein the combination of the first electrical biasing and second electrical biasing or the combination of the third electrical biasing and fourth electrical biasing is at least one of the following:

a combination of pulse width modulation and constant current regulation within a single dimming cycle;

a combination of forward current pulse modulation and analog regulation alternating every two consecutive dimming cycles;

a combination of forward current pulse modulation and analog regulation alternating every three consecutive dimming cycles;

a combination of forward current pulse modulation and analog regulation alternating an equal number of consecutive dimming cycles;

or a combination of forward current pulse modulation and analog regulation alternating an unequal number of consecutive dimming cycles.

52. The system of claim 27, wherein the combination of the first electrical biasing and second electrical biasing or the combination of the third electrical biasing and fourth electrical biasing further comprise forward current pulse modulation with a peak current in a high state and an average current value at a low state.

53. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one first controller or the at least one second controller is further adapted to generate at least one control signal providing that the combination of electrical biasing is an alternation each second dimming cycle a combination of forward current pulse modulation and analog regulation of forward current with any arbitrary waveform having an average DC component.

54. The system of claim 27, wherein the combination of the first electrical biasing and second electrical biasing or the combination of the third electrical biasing and fourth electrical biasing is a superposition of an AC signal on a DC signal to control the wavelength emission.

55. The system of claim 54, wherein the at least one first controller and the at least one second controller are further adapted to control wavelength emission to a selected variance subject to selected intensity levels.

56. The system of claim 54, wherein the at least one first controller and the at least one second controller are further adapted to maintain wavelength emission substantially constant.

57. The system of claim 54, wherein the at least one first and second controllers are further adapted to synchronize the combination of electrical biasing respectively with a switching cycle of the at least one first and second driver circuit.

58. The system of claim 57, wherein the combination of the first electrical biasing and second electrical biasing has a duty cycle and an average current level which are related to the selected intensity level according to a first relation of

59. The system of claim 54, wherein the at least one first and second controllers are further adapted to synchronize the combination of electrical biasing respectively with a switching cycle of the at least one first and second driver circuit.

60. The system of claim 27, wherein the at least one controller is further adapted to generate the at least one input electrical biasing control signal to maintain the wavelength of the emitted light substantially constant over a predetermined range of selected intensity levels.

61. The system of claim 27, wherein the first and second driver circuits are each a switch mode driver circuit and the combination of the electrical biasing is a superposition of analog regulation and pulse modulation of forward current in each dimming cycle of the respective first and second driver circuit.

62. The system of claim 27, wherein each controller further comprises:

a dimming frame register;

an intensity register;

a programmable look up table memory;

a programmable frame counter and cycle counter;

a block of operational signal registers;

at least one analog multiplexer; and

at least one digital-to-analog converter.

63. The system of claim 62, wherein each controller is further adapted to program the operational signal registers with at least two peak current amplitude values, at least two current amplitude modulation values, and two current duty cycle values to provide the at least one input operational control signal to the driver circuit to apply the combination of the first electrical biasing and the second electrical biasing for the selected intensity level and emission wavelength control specified by the user interface.

64. The system of claim 63, wherein each controller is further adapted to vary the intensity of the at least one or more substantially similar light emitting diodes without substantial optical output flickering by alternatively multiplexing the at least one input operational control signal to the driver circuit from a first set of operational signal registers synchronously to an end of a current dimming frame counter while programming asynchronously a second set of operational signal registers with a second input operational control signal.

65. The system of claim 27, wherein each controller is further adapted to queue the second input operational control signal to a current status at the end of the current dimming frame counter.

66. The system of claim 27, wherein the user interface is couplable to a microprocessor or a network using a proprietary or standard interface protocol including DMX 512, DALI, I²C, or SPI.

67. The system of claim 27, wherein the power converter of each driver circuit is a linear circuit, a switching DC/DC circuit, or a switching AC/DC circuit with a power factor correction function.

68. The system of claim 27, wherein each power converter is adapted to provide a time averaged modulation of forward current conforming to the corresponding input control signals to vary corresponding intensity by implementing the corresponding combined electrical biasing while maintaining the wavelength emission shift substantially close to zero.

69. The system of claim 27, further comprising:

at least one temperature sensor coupled to the at least one or more first or second light emitting diodes and respectively to the at least one first or second controller.

70. The system of claim 69, wherein the at least one first or second controller is further adapted to generate the at least one input operational control signal to maintain the selected intensity level and wavelength emission over a predetermined range of junction temperatures of the at least one or more corresponding light emitting diodes.

71. The system of claim 27, wherein the plurality of light emitting diodes further comprising at least one or more third light emitting diodes connected in a third channel and having a third spectrum different from the first and second spectra, a fifth electrical biasing for the at least one or more third light emitting diodes producing a fifth wavelength shift, a sixth electrical biasing for the at least one or more third light emitting diodes producing a sixth wavelength shift opposing the fifth wavelength shift;

at least one third driver circuit coupled to the at least one or more third light emitting diodes, the at least one third driver circuit comprising a third regulator and a third power converter, the at least one third driver circuit adapted to respond to a third plurality of input operational signals to provide a third combination of the fifth electrical biasing and the sixth electrical biasing to the at least one or more third light emitting diodes; and

at least one third controller couplable to the user interface and coupled to the at least one third driver circuit, the at least one third controller further comprising a third memory, the at least one third controller adapted to retrieve a third plurality of parameters stored in the third memory, the third plurality of parameters corresponding to a third intensity level provided by the user interface and designating the third combination of the fifth electrical biasing and the sixth electrical biasing;

the at least one third controller further adapted to convert the third plurality of parameters into at least one third input operational control signal to provide the third intensity level of the at least one or more third light emitting diodes with wavelength emission control.

72. The system of claim 71, wherein the at least one or more first light emitting diodes comprises a plurality of red light emitting diodes, the at least one or more second light emitting diodes comprises a plurality of green light emitting diodes, and the at least one or more third light emitting diodes comprises a plurality of blue light emitting diodes.

73. The system of claim 72, further comprising:

an electrodynamic cooling element coupled to a heat sink of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes;

at least one temperature sensor coupled to the at least one or more first light emitting diodes and to the at least one first controller;

a junction temperature regulator coupled to the temperature sensor and to a reference voltage source providing a set temperature signal; and

a buffer coupled to an output of the junction temperature regulator and adapted to provide a DC current to the electrodynamic cooling element to regulate a junction temperature of the at least one or more first light emitting diodes.

74. The system of claim 73, wherein the junction temperature regulator is further coupled to the at least one first controller to decrease the first intensity when the junction temperature is above a set value.

75. The system of claim 27, further comprising:

an enclosure for the at least one or more first and second light emitting diodes, the at least one first and second controllers and the at least one first and second driver circuits, the enclosure having a terminal couplable to an input power signal.

76. The system of claim 75, wherein the input power signal is an AC utility signal.

77. The system of claim 75, wherein the system is couplable to a phase modulation device and the input power signal is a phase-modulated AC utility signal.

78. The system of claim 75, wherein the enclosure is compatible with a standard light bulb interface.

79. The system of claim 75, wherein the enclosure is compatible with a standard Edison light bulb socket.