Electric vehicle having multiple-use APU system

• US 8,042,631 B2
• Filed: 03/08/2006
• Issued: 10/25/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 04/04/2005
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Aptiv Technologies AG
• Original Assignee: Delphi Technologies, Inc. (BorgWarner Incorporated)
• Inventors: Grieve, Malcolm James, MacBain, John A., Botti, Jean J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Shriver, II; J. Allen
• Assistant Examiner(s): AVERY, BRIDGET D
• Application Number:
  US11/370,285
• Publication Number:
  US 20060219448A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,057 Days
• Field of Search: 180/2.1, 180/53.1, 180/60, 180/65.1, 180/65.21, 180/65.24, 180/65.31, 290/1.R, 429/13, 429/23
• US Class Current: 180/65.21
• CPC Class Codes: B60K 1/04 of the electric storage means for propulsion exchanging batteries for electric propulsion of vehicles B60L53/80; for auxiliary purposes only B60R16/04; supplying batteries to, or removing batteries from, vehicles B60S5/06
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 50/50 using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/14 Conductive energy transfer
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 55/00 Arrangements for supplying energy stored within a vehicle to a power network, i.e. vehicle-to-grid [V2G] arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/40 for controlling a combination of batteries and fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/10 The dispersed energy generation being of fossil origin, e.g. diesel generators
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/30 The power source being a fuel cell
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/381 Dispersed generators
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/00 Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/7072 Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/12 Electric charging stations
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/14 Plug-in electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/16 Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/40 Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 10/126 the energy generation units being or involving electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV], i.e. power aggregation of EV or HEV, vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G]

Abstract

During periods of vehicle inactivity, a vehicle-based APU electric generating system may be coupled into a regional electric grid to send electricity into the grid. A currently-preferred APU is a solid oxide fuel cell system. When a large number of vehicles are thus equipped and connected, substantial electric buffering can be effected to the grid load. A vehicle-based APU can also function as a back-up generator to a docking facility in the event of power failure of the grid. Gaseous hydrocarbon is readily supplied by pipe in many locations as a commercial and residential heating fuel source, and a hydrocarbon reformer on the vehicle can be attached to the fuel source, enabling an APU to operate as a stationary power source indefinitely. An optional storage tank on the vehicle may be refueled with gaseous fuel, for example, while the battery is being electrically recharged by the grid.

Claims

1. An automotive vehicle comprising:

a) at least one motive electric motor;

b) a rechargeable electrical energy source for energizing said motive electric motor;

c) an auxiliary power unit (APU) for recharging said electrical energy source when said vehicle is in automotive use; and

d) a controller,

wherein said vehicle includes a connector for connecting said vehicle to a stationary structure for supplying electric power from said APU to said stationary structure when said vehicle is automotively non-operational,

wherein said stationary structure is connected to a regional electric supply grid and wherein said APU is connectable to said regional electric supply grid via said stationary structure, and

wherein said controller is connected to said regional electric supply grid and to said APU, said controller being configured to maintain said APU in a hot stand-by mode and to bring said APU into electrical connection with said regional electric supply grid when said APU is needed to partly satisfy a power requirement of said regional electric supply grid.

2. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 wherein said APU is selected from the group consisting of solid oxide fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and internal combustion engine and generator.

3. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 wherein said rechargeable electrical energy source includes at least one electric battery.

4. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 wherein said stationary structure is selected from the group consisting of a residence, office, shopping center, truck stop, parking lot docking station, and combinations thereof.

5. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 wherein said stationary structure includes a docking station for said vehicle APU.

6. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 wherein said APU is connectable to said regional electric supply grid via said rechargeable electrical energy source in said vehicle.

7. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 wherein said APU is connectable to said regional electric supply grid independently of said rechargeable electrical energy source in said vehicle.

8. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 wherein said APU is operable to supply syngas for non-automotive functions in said vehicle, said stationary structure, or combinations thereof.

9. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 wherein said APU is operable to supply heat for non-automotive functions in said vehicle, said stationary structure, or combinations thereof.

10. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 wherein said APU is selectively operable in parallel with said electrical energy source to supply electricity directly to said motive electric motor as required to meet vehicle operating demands.

11. A vehicle in accordance with claim 1 wherein said vehicle is adapted to be connected to a hydrocarbon fuel supply when said vehicle is automotively non-operational.

12. A vehicle in accordance with claim 3 wherein said electric battery is characterized by having low impedance.

13. A vehicle in accordance with claim 12 wherein said battery includes an electric system selected from the group consisting of lithium ion and nickel metal hydride.

14. A vehicle in accordance with claim 11 wherein said hydrocarbon fuel supply is selected from the group consisting of a storage tank and a supply system.

15. A vehicle in accordance with claim 11 wherein said hydrocarbon is a gas at standard temperature and pressure.

16. A vehicle in accordance with claim 11 wherein said hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, natural gas, and combinations thereof.

17. A vehicle in accordance with claim 11 further comprising a hydrocarbon reformer,

wherein said hydrocarbon reformer is connected to said hydrocarbon fuel supply, such that said APU may be operated therefrom indefinitely.

18. A vehicle in accordance with claim 11 wherein said vehicle further comprises an onboard hydrocarbon storage tank, and wherein said hydrocarbon storage tank is connectable to said hydrocarbon fuel supply for supplying a portable amount of gaseous hydrocarbons for fueling said APU.

19. A method for entering electric power into a regional electric power grid, comprising the steps of:

a) providing an automotive vehicle having at least one motive electric motor, a rechargeable electrical energy source for energizing said motive electric motor, and an auxiliary power unit (APU) for recharging said electrical energy source at least when said vehicle is in automotive use;

b) allowing said vehicle to park adjacent a power outlet from said regional electric power grid;

c) allowing said APU to connect to said power outlet;

d) providing a controller connected to said regional electric power grid and to said APU;

e) operating said APU to generate electricity;

f) determining a power requirement of said regional electrical power grid; and

g) maintaining said APU in a hot stand-by mode and bringing said APU into electrical connection with said regional power grid when said APU is needed to partly satisfy the determined power requirement.

20. A method in accordance with claim 19 wherein said connecting step is performed around said rechargeable electrical energy source.

21. A method in accordance with claim 19 wherein said connecting step is performed through said rechargeable electrical energy source.

22. A method for entering electric power into a regional electric power grid, comprising the steps of:

a) providing a plurality of automotive vehicles, each of said vehicles having at least one motive electric motor, a rechargeable electrical energy source for energizing said motive electric motor, and an auxiliary power unit (APU) for recharging said electrical energy source when said vehicle is in automotive use, defining a plurality of APUs;

b) allowing each of said respective vehicles to park adjacent a respective power outlet from said regional electric power grid;

c) allowing each of said respective APUs to connect to said respective power outlet;

d) providing a controller connected to said regional electric power grid and to each of said plurality of APUs;

e) operating at least one of said plurality of APUs to generate electricity;

f) determining a power requirement of said regional electrical power grid; and

g) maintaining in a hot stand-by mode at least one of said plurality of APUs to be brought into electrical connection with said regional power grid when said APU is needed to partly satisfy the determined power requirement.

23. A method in accordance with claim 22 comprising the further step:

energizing additional of said plurality of APUs as needed to partially meet said determined power requirements.

24. A method in accordance with claim 23 comprising the further steps of:

a) determining which of said plurality of APUs is thermally ready for operation; and

b) preferentially selecting at least one of said thermally ready APUs in said energizing step.