Method of processing positioning signals, in particular for indoor applications

• US 8,059,700 B2
• Filed: 03/03/2006
• Issued: 11/15/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 03/03/2006
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Agence Spatiale Europeenne
• Original Assignee: Agence Spatiale Europeenne
• Inventors: Lopez-Risueno, Gustavo, Granados, Gonzalo Seco
• Primary Examiner(s): Timory; Kabir A
• Application Number:
  US12/224,602
• Publication Number:
  US 20100061427A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,083 Days
• Field of Search: 375/150, 375/135, 375/136, 375/137, 375/152, 375/144
• US Class Current: 375/150
• CPC Class Codes: G01C 21/206 specially adapted for indoor navigation
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 19/21 Interference related issues ; Issues related to cross-correlation, spoofing or other methods of denial of service

Abstract

A method of processing positioning signal constituted by a superposition of individual signals generated by a plurality of emitters, in particular satellite emitters, comprising:—a first step of coarse acquisition of said individual signals, comprising correlation of the received positioning signal with locally generated replicas of said individual signals;—a step of identifying spurious correlation peaks induced by interferences; and—a step of estimating the code delays and the carrier frequency shifts of the acquired individual signals which are not affected by said interferences. According to preferred embodiments of the invention, the method can also comprise:—a refining step of determining more accurate estimates of said code delays and carrier frequency shifts; and—a step of interference cancellation. The method of the invention is particularly suitable to indoor positioning applications.

Claims

1. A method of processing a set of code-modulated positioning signals constituted by a superposition of individual signals generated by a plurality of emitters, the individual signal generated by each emitter being defined by a known modulation code, by an unknown code delay and by an unknown carrier frequency shift, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) receiving and down-converting said set of code-modulated positioning signals over a predetermined time span, sampling it at a predetermined sampling period and converting it to digital form;

(b) for each known modulating code, determining first sets of trial carrier frequency shifts and of code delays, locally generating code modulated signals defined by said known modulating code and said first sets of trial carrier frequency shifts and of trial code delays, and computing correlations of said digitized signal with said locally generated code-modulated signals;

characterized in that it further comprises the steps of;

(c) for each known modulating code and for each trial carrier frequency shift of said first set of trial carrier frequency shifts;

(c1) determining a primary correlation peak of greatest magnitude as a function of the trial code delay;

(c2) determining if said primary correlation peak is representative of an individual signal generated by one of the plurality of emitters using said modulating code, by comparing its magnitude to a threshold; and

(c3) if said main correlation peak is determined to be representative of an individual signal, determining if it is affected by interferences from individual signals generated by another of the plurality of emitters by comparing its magnitude to that of a secondary correlation peak of smaller magnitude corresponding to a different code delay for a same trial carrier frequency shift;

(d) for each known modulating code selecting, among the primary correlation peaks which have been determined to be representative of an individual signal and not to be affected by interferences from individual signals generated by another of the plurality of emitters, if any, the one having the greatest magnitude, and taking the corresponding trial carrier frequency shift and code delay as estimates of the unknown carrier frequency shift and code delay of said individual signal.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a step of:

(e) determining that one of the plurality of emitters is affected by interferences from individual signals generated by others of the plurality of emitters if, for the modulating code corresponding to said emitter, all the correlation peaks which have been determined to be representative of an individual signal have also been determined to be affected by interferences;

otherwise determining that said emitter is free from interferences.

3. The method according to claim 1 wherein, for each known modulating code, the step of:

determining if each correlation peak is affected by interferences from individual signals generated by others of the plurality of emitters, is only performed after the steps of;

(1) determining a correlation peak as a function of the trial code delay, and

(2) determining if said correlation peak is representative of an individual signal generated by an emitter using said modulating code, have been performed for all the trial carrier frequency shifts of said first set of trial carrier frequency shifts.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of computing correlations comprises:

(b1) subdividing the received, down-concerted, sampled and digitized set of code-modulated positioning signals into a plurality of data blocks;

(b2) computing correlations of said data blocks with said locally generated code-modulated signals including the Doppler effect on the code; and

(b3) incoherently summing the results of said correlations.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the difference between two trial code delays of said first set is equal to the sampling period of said received signal.

6. The A method according to claim 1, wherein said modulating codes are periodic codes having a same code period and said first set of trial code delays spans a time interval equal to said code period.

7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the difference between two trial carrier frequency shifts of said first set is lesser or equal to the reciprocal of the duration of said data blocks whose correlation is computed.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of computing correlations comprises:

multiplying the Fourier transform of said digitized signal by the complex conjugate Fourier transform of said locally generated code-modulated signals for each trial carrier frequency shift, and computing the inverse Fourier transform of the resulting product.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of determining if said primary correlation peak is affected by interferences from individual signals generated by others of the plurality of emitters comprises:

(c3.1) identifying a secondary correlation peak for the same carrier frequency shift;

(c3.2) computing the difference of the values of the primary correlation peak and of the secondary correlation peak and normalizing it with respect to a background noise amplitude estimation; and

(c3.3) determining that said primary correlation peak is affected by interferences from individual signals generated by others of the plurality of emitters if said normalized difference is smaller than a predetermined threshold value.

10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said background noise amplitude estimation is computed by computing a standard deviation estimation of the distribution of the correlation values for the considered trial carrier frequency shift and for all trial code delay, excluding by the standard deviation estimation calculation said primary correlation peak as well as correlation values for trial delays adjacent to said peak.

11. The method according to claim 1, further comprising a refining step of:

(f1) selecting the modulating codes for which at least a primary correlation peak has been determined to be representative of an individual signal and not to be affected by interferences;

(f2) for each selected modulating code;

(f2.1) determining a second set of trial carrier frequency shifts including the previously determined estimate of the unknown carrier frequency shift, the difference between two trial carrier frequency shifts of said second set being lesser than the difference between two trial carrier frequency shifts of said first set; and

(f2.3) determining a second set of trial code delays including the previously determined estimate of the unknown code delay, the difference between two trial code delays of said second set being lesser than or equal to the difference between two trial code delays of said first set;

(f3) locally generating code-modulated signals defined by said modulating code, said different trial carrier frequency shifts and said trial code delays, and computing correlations of said digitized signal with said locally generated code-modulated signals;

(f4) determining improved frequency shift and code delay estimates on the basis of the newly-computed correlations.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein said newly-computed correlations are linear correlations.

13. The method according to claim 11, wherein said second set of trial carrier frequency shifts spans a frequency interval centered on said previously determined estimate of the unknown carrier frequency shift and having a width of twice the difference between two trial carrier frequency shifts of said first set.

14. The method according to claim 11, wherein said difference between two trial carrier frequency shifts of said second set is proportional to the inverse of the total correlation time.

15. The method according to claim 11, wherein said second set of trial code delays spans a time interval centered on said previously determined estimate of the unknown trial code delays and having a width of twice the difference between two trial code delays of said first set.

16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the step of determining improved frequency shift and code delay estimates on the basis of the newly-computed correlations comprises:

(f4.1) performing a piecewise polynomial interpolation of said correlations;

(f4.2) for each selected code and for each trial carrier frequency shift, determining an interpolating function peak as a function of the trial code delay;

(f4.3) for each selected code, choosing the interpolating function peak having the greatest magnitude, and taking the corresponding trial carrier frequency shift and code delay as said improved frequency shift and code delay estimates.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein said piecewise polynomial interpolation is chosen between a piecewise linear interpolation and a quadratic interpolation.

18. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the steps of:

(g) for each modulating code for which at least a correlation peak has been determined to be possibly representative of an individual signal generated by the emitter using said modulating code, estimating a carrier-to-noise spectral density ratio for the corresponding individual signal; and

(h) if said carrier-to-noise spectral density ratio is greater than a predetermined threshold, determining that said individual signal is likely to produce interferences.

19. The method according to claim 18, further comprising the steps of:

(i) canceling interferences from the received, sampled and digitized signal by using a subspace projection method; and

(j) repeating the steps following conversion to digital form for individual signal which have undergone interference cancellation.

20. The method according to claim 2, further comprising the step of determining if the number of frequency shift and code delay estimates is sufficient for positioning and, if the number of said estimates is determined to be insufficient, further comprising the steps of:

(g) for each modulating code for which at least a primary correlation peak has been determined to be representative of an individual signal generated by the emitter using said modulating code, estimating a carrier-to-noise spectral density ratio for the corresponding individual signal;

(h) if said carrier-to-noise spectral density ratio is greater than a predetermined threshold, determining that said individual signal is suitable to produce interferences;

(i) canceling interferences from the received, down-concerted, sampled and digitized set of code-modulated positioning signals by using a subspace projection method; and

(j) repeating the steps following conversion to digital form for individual signals which have undergone interference cancellation.

21. The method according to claim 19, wherein said step (8) of canceling interferences comprises:

(i1) building a set of orthonormal vectors equivalent to the set of individual signals which have been determined to be likely to produce interferences;

(i2) taking, as interference-cancelled signals, the orthogonal complements of said individual signals, which have been determined to be affected by interferences from individual signals generated by other emitters, with respect to the subspace generated by said set of orthonormal vectors.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein said step of building a set of orthonormal vectors is performed by Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization.

23. The method according to claim 19, wherein said steps of estimating a carrier-to-noise spectral density ratio, of determining if an individual signal is suitable to produce interferences and of canceling interferences from the received, down-concerted, sampled and digitized set of code-modulated positioning signals are performed for each known modulating code after said step of determining if correlation peaks are affected by interferences and before taking into account the next known modulating code.

24. The method according to claim 1, wherein said emitters are satellite emitters.

25. The method according to claim 24, comprising a step of acquiring from a terrestrial assistance emitter a set of modulating codes corresponding to satellite emitters from which individual signals are received.

26. A method of processing a set of spread-spectrum positioning signals constituted by a superposition of individual signals generated by a plurality of emitters, the individual signal generated by each emitter being defined by a known modulating code, by an unknown code delay and by an unknown carrier frequency shift, the method comprising the steps of:

acquiring from a terrestrial assistance emitter a set of modulating codes corresponding to satellite emitters from which individual signals are received;

performing a second method until a first emitter is determined to be free from interferences, the second method comprising the steps of;

(a) receiving and down-converting said set of code-modulated positioning signals over a predetermined time span, sampling it at a predetermined sampling period and converting it to digital form;

(b) for each known modulating code, determining first sets of trial carrier frequency shifts and of code delays, locally generating code modulated signals defined by said known modulating code and said first sets of trial carrier frequency shifts and of trial code delays, and computing correlations of said digitized signal with said locally generated code-modulated signals;

characterized in that it further comprises the steps of;

(c) for each known modulating code and for each trial carrier frequency shift of said first set of trial carrier frequency shifts;

(c1) determining a primary correlation peak of greatest magnitude as a function of the trial code delay (1);

(c2) determining if said primary correlation peak is representative of an individual signal generated by one of the plurality of emitters using said modulating code, by comparing its magnitude to a threshold; and

(c3) if said main correlation peak is determined to be representative of an individual signal, determining if it is affected by interferences from individual signals generated by another of the plurality of emitters by comparing its magnitude to that of a secondary correlation

peak of smaller magnitude corresponding to a different code delay for a same trial carrier frequency shift;

(d) for each known modulating code selecting, among the primary correlation peaks which have been determined to be representative of an individual signal and not to be affected by interferences from individual signals generated by another of the plurality of emitters, if any, the one having the greatest magnitude, and taking the corresponding trial carrier frequency shift and code delay as estimates of the unknown carrier frequency shift and code delay of said individual signal; and

(e) determining that one of the plurality of emitters is affected by interferences from individual signals generated by others of the plurality of emitters if, for the modulating code corresponding to said emitter, all the correlation peaks which have been determined to be representative of an individual signal have also been determined to be affected by interferences;

otherwise determining that said emitter is free from interferences;

obtaining from said terrestrial assistance emitter, whose position is known, a set of code delays relative to said terrestrial assistance emitter, corresponding to satellite emitters from which individual signals are received;

for each remaining modulating codes corresponding to said satellite emitters from which individual signals are received;

determining first sets of trial carrier frequency shifts and of code delays, said first set of trial code delays being a reduced set determined on the basis of said set of code delays relative to said known-position terrestrial assistance emitter and on the basis of the code delay of said first acquired emitter;

locally generating code modulated signals defined by said modulating code, said trial carrier frequency shifts and said trial code delays, and computing correlations of said received, sampled and digitized signal with said locally generated code-modulated signals;

computing linear correlations of the received, sampled and digitized signal with said locally generated code-modulated signals;

for each of said modulating codes and trial carrier frequency shifts;

determining a correlation peak as a function of the trial code delay;

determining if said correlation peak is representative of an individual signal generated by an emitter using said modulating code, by comparing its magnitude to a first threshold;

for each modulating code for which at least a correlation peak has been determined to be possibly representative of an individual signal generated by the emitter using said modulating code;

estimating a carrier-to-noise spectral density ratio for the corresponding individual signal;

if said carrier-to-noise spectral density ratio is greater than a second threshold, determining that said individual signal is not affected by interferences from individual signals generated by other emitters;

for each said modulating code selecting, among the correlation peaks which have been determined to be representative of an individual signal and not to be affected by interferences from individual signals generated by other emitters, if any, the one having the greatest magnitude, and taking the corresponding trial carrier frequency shift and code delay as estimates of the unknown carrier frequency shift and code delay of said individual signal.

27. The method according to claim 26, further comprising a step of updating said second threshold to a value equal to the highest estimated carrier-to-noise spectral density ratio (in dBHz) minus a predetermined value (in dB).

28. The method according to claim 26, further comprising a refining step of:

(f1) selecting the modulating codes for which at least a correlation peak has been determined to be possibly representative of an individual signal and not to be affected by interferences;

(f2) for each selected modulating code;

(f2.1) determining a second set of trial carrier frequency shifts including the previously determined estimate of the unknown carrier frequency shift, the difference between two trial carrier frequency shifts of said second set being lesser than the difference between two trial carrier frequency shifts of said first set; and

(f2.3) determining a second set of trial code delays including the previously determined estimate of the unknown code delay, the difference between two trial code delays of said second set being lesser than or equal to the difference between two trial code delays of said first set;

(f3) locally generating code-modulated signals defined by said modulating code, said different trial carrier frequency shifts and said trial code delays, and computing correlations of said digitized signal with said locally generated code-modulated signals;

(f4) determining improved frequency shift and code delay estimates on the basis of the newly-computed correlations.

29. The method according to claim 26 wherein, for each modulating code, said reduced set of trial code delays spans a time interval centered on said reference code delay and whose width is given by