System and method for evaluation of fluid flow in a piping system

• US 8,065,110 B2
• Filed: 09/17/2004
• Issued: 11/22/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 05/20/2002
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Tyco Fire Products LP (Johnson Controls International plc)
• Original Assignee: Tyco Fire Products LP (Johnson Controls International plc)
• Inventors: Nikolaychik, Leonid, Prymak, Thomas, Mourachko, Valeri, Nikolayev, Alexander, Popov, Valery, Sosinovich, Valery, Mahomet, Michael, Babenko, Valery, Kabashnikov, Vitaly, Bril, Andrey, Flax, Michael, Golinveaux, James E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Nghiem; Michael P
• Assistant Examiner(s): Suarez; Felix E
• Application Number:
  US10/942,817
• Publication Number:
  US 20050216242A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,622 Days
• Field of Search: 702/50, 702/51, 702/55, 702/98, 702/99, 702/181, 702/182, 702/183, 702/45, 702/179, 738/610.4, 962/18, 340/870.05, 703/6, 703/9, 703/13, 703/45, 703/179, 169/23, 169/17, 169/37
• US Class Current: 702/181
• CPC Class Codes: A62C 35/62 dry, i.e. empty of extinguishing material when not in use
• CPC Class Codes: G05B 17/02 electric
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2111/10 Numerical modelling
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2113/14 Pipes
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 30/00 Computer-aided design [CAD]
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 30/13 Architectural design, e.g. computer-aided architectural design [CAAD] related to design of buildings, bridges, landscapes, production plants or roads
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 30/20 Design optimisation, verification or simulation optimisation, verification or simulation of circuit designs G06F30/30
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 30/28 using fluid dynamics, e.g. using Navier-Stokes equations or computational fluid dynamics [CFD]
• CPC Class Codes: G06G 7/50 for distribution networks, e.g. for fluids G06G7/62 takes precedence

Abstract

A method to model a complex system of pipes. The model takes into account the physical processes in a tree-type piping system and provides for an accurate modeling of a real world tree-type piping system. In a preferred embodiment, a computer program is provided for analyzing models of dry pipe systems. The computer program includes a user interface and a computational engine. The user interface allows a model of a dry pipe system to be defined and the computational engine determines a liquid flow time through the model of the dry pipe system. The computational engine provides a verification of the liquid flow time in a model of a referential dry pipe system within 20% of an actual liquid flow time in the referential dry pipe system.

Claims

1. A process of installing a dry pipe sprinkler system for a type of fire hazard, the process comprising:

determining a transit time for an actuation of a dry pipe valve and delivery of liquid at a sprinkler head in a model of a dry pipe sprinkler system, the transit time being determined as a function of the type of fire hazard such that the transit time is less than a predetermined value; and

constructing a dry pipe fire sprinkler system based on the model of the dry pipe sprinkler system without physical verification of the transit time.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the determining further comprises generating a dry pipe sprinkler system having a capacity of greater than 750 gallons of liquid with the predetermined value being less than about 60 seconds.

3. The process of claim 1, further comprising selecting the type of fire hazard selected from a group consisting of residential hazard, light hazard, ordinary hazard, extra hazard and high-piled hazard.

4. The process of claim 3, wherein the predetermined value is 60 seconds.

5. The process of claim 3, wherein the predetermined value is selected from a group consisting of 15 seconds, 40 seconds, 45 seconds, and 50 seconds.

6. The process of claim 3, wherein the transit time comprises a value with a deviation of less than 20% as compared to the predetermined value.

7. The process of claim 6, wherein the transit time comprises a value with a deviation of less than 10% as compared to the predetermined value.

8. The process of claim 1, wherein the constructing comprises:

retrofitting a dry pipe valve in an existing dry pipe sprinkler system with a capacity greater than 500 gallons and less than 750 gallons to eliminate a dry pipe valve accelerator; and

adjusting the existing system so that the transit time is less than 60 seconds.

9. The process of claim 1, wherein the constructing comprises installing at least one of a 4-inch riser or an 8-inch riser in the dry pipe fire sprinkler system.

10. The process of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises:

modeling physical attributes of the dry pipe sprinkler system as nodes and pipes, the attributes of the nodes representing at least a point of transition from one pipe size to another, elbows or bends, tees and laterals for dividing or mixing streams and valves, and exit opening or nozzles, and the attributes of the pipes representing at least a type, size, material, C-factor, and absolute roughness of the pipes.

11. The process of claim 10, wherein the determining comprises accounting for a velocity of the liquid front as the liquid moves from the initial position to at least one of a segment of the network without a branch, a segment to a node with two branches, and a segment to a node with three branches in the network.

12. The process of claim 11, wherein the determining further comprises accounting for a velocity of bubbles as liquid and gas travels through the network.

13. The process of claim 1, wherein the determining comprises implementing a computer modeling program on a computer system for analysis of a physical dry pipe system design, the computer system including:

an input unit that permits conversion of physical attributes of the dry pipe design into a computer readable format that represents a mathematical model of the design;

a graphical display unit in communication with the input unit, the graphical display unit providing a graphical output; and

a central processing unit being in communication with the input and display units, the central processing unit programmed to simulate at least a time based characteristic of the mathematical model correlating with an approximate actual response characteristics of a physical pipe system based on the pipe system design, such that when the central processing unit is provided with a model of at least one referential pipe system design, an error between a predicted liquid flow time between a dry pipe valve and a sprinkler and the actual liquid flow time of the referential dry pipe sprinkler system is less than 10%, the referential tree-type dry pipe system consisting essentially of;

(a) array of twelve generally parallel branch pipes located approximately 14 feet and 4 inches above a floor on a first plane generally parallel to a floor, a first branch line proximate a first end of the array and a twelfth branch line proximate a second end of the array, each of the branch pipes defining a pipe having an internal diameter of approximately 1.25 inches with a ball valve located at a midpoint of each branch line, the ball valve having an internal diameter of approximately 1.25 inches with a flow coefficient of approximately 120 gallons per minute flow per a square root of flow pressure in pound per square inch gauge (gpm/psig^1/2);

(b) first and second cross mains spaced at approximately 28 inches from the first plane above the floor, each of the cross-mains having an internal diameter of approximately 4 inches, first and second connection pipes connecting the first and second cross mains, each of the first and second connection pipes having a ball valve and an internal diameter of approximately 4 inches and being elevated above the cross mains by approximately 10 inches between a centerline of each of the cross mains to a centerline of each of the connection pipes, the butterfly valve of each of the connection pipes having a flow coefficient of approximately 630 gpm/psig^1/2 and mounted at a location where the connection pipes are connected to the cross mains, the butterfly valves configured in a full flow position, each of the first and second cross mains connected at a lower surface of the cross main with first, second and third drain pipes of approximately 2 inches in diameter disposed generally perpendicular to the floor, the drain pipes having a first through third respective ball valves, each with an internal diameter of approximately 2 inches, each of the ball valves connected to the drain pipes at a location nearest the floor;

(c) a plurality of branch line risers being connected to the respective branch line at a position approximately 4 inches lower than the midpoint of each of the branch pipes, each of the plurality of branch line risers including a ball valve having an internal diameter of approximately 1.25 inches with a flow coefficient of approximately 120 gpm/psig^1/2 and located approximately 14 inches above a top surface of each of the cross-mains;

(d) a plurality of sprinklers including a plurality of upright ½

inches sprinkler heads CENTRAL®

GB with a K factor of 5.6 gpm/psig^1/2 connected to each of the plurality of branch pipes, the plurality of sprinkler heads being spaced apart from each other at a distance of approximately 9 feet and 4.5 inches on center to center of the sprinkler heads, each of the risers including an 8-inch Tee fitting No. 20 VICTAULIC®

connected to an 8-inch diameter Schedule 10 pipe oriented generally perpendicular to the floor via an 8-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the 8-inch pipe connected to a 8″

×

6″

concentric reducer fitting No. 50 VICTAULIC®

via an 8-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC® and

a 6-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the concentric reducer connected to a 6-inch check valve Model 90 CENTRAL®

, the check valve connected to a 6-inch grooved butterfly valve MECH-LINE®

via two 6-inch couplings style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the butterfly valve connected to a 6-inch Tee fitting No. 20 VICTAULIC®

via two 6-inch couplings style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the 6-inch Tee fitting connected to a second 6-inch Tee fitting No. 20 VICTAULIC®

via a 6-inch couplings style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the 6-inch Tee also connected to a 6″

to 4″

concentric reducer No. 50 VICTAULIC®

via a 6-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC® and

a 4-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the second 6-inch Tee being connected to a supply pipe being spaced at a distance of approximately 126 inches from the centerline of the supply pipe to the center line of the 8-inch Tee, the reducer being connected first to a 4-inch Tee fitting No. 20 VICTAULIC® and

second to a gauge assembly, the 4-inch Tee fitting being connected to a 4-inch grooved butterfly valve MECH-LINE®

via two 4-inch couplings style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the 4-inch butterfly valve connected to a 4-inch check valve Model 90 CENTRAL®

, the 4-inch check valve being connected a 4-inch Schedule 10 pipe having a length of approximately 97.1 inches oriented generally perpendicular to the floor;

(e) a liquid supply having a water flow rate in gallons per minute corresponding to a pressure to flow rate curve defined as a cartesian plot connecting five points on the plot including a first point of approximately 41 psig to 200 gpm, second point of approximately 37 psig to 400 gpm, third point of approximately 32 psig to 600 gpm, fourth point of approximately 24 psig to 800 gpm, fifth point of approximately 13 psig to 1000 gpm;

(f) the dry pipe valve being configured to open at 30 psig with the initial system gas pressure of 35 psig and the liquid supply pressure at 45 psig at the pressure to flow rate curve; and

(g) a sidewall type test sprinkler head having a K factor of 5.6 gpm/psig^1/2 connected to a 1.25-inch by 0.5-inch by 0.5 inch reduction Tee with a length of 2.7 inches, the Tee connected at one end to a pressure gauge SETRA Model 205-2 and connected at the second end to a 1.25 inch nipple Schedule 40 with a length of 2.2 inches, the 1.25-inch nipple connected to a 1.25-inch solenoid valve from ASCO®

with a length of 3.8 inches, the solenoid valve connected to a 1.25-inch adapter nipple Schedule 40 with a length of 3.7 inches, the adapter nipple connected to a first 1.25-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the first 1.25-inch coupling connected to a 90-degree elbow No. 10 from VICTAULIC®

, the elbow connected to a second 1.25-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC® and

spaced from the first 1.25-inch coupling by a distance generally parallel to the floor of about 2.8 inches, the second 1.25 inch couplings connected to the first branch line.

14. The process of claim 1, wherein determining the transit time further includes determining the operating pressure time.

18. The process of any one of claims 1 and 15, wherein determining the time comprises determining the time in a tree-type dry pipe system having a network of pipes.

20. The process of any one of claims 1 and 15, wherein determining the time for delivery of liquid, the time is determined to be in the range of about 21 to about 29 seconds for a liquid supply pressure of at least 111 psig.

25. The process of any one of claims 1, 15-22, wherein determining the time for delivery of liquid, the liquid includes any one of propyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, and water, and the gas includes nitrogen.

26. The process of any one of claims 1 and 15-22, wherein determining the time for delivery of liquid includes:

entering data representing physical attributes of a dry sprinkler system design into a computer program using a user interface of a computer;

converting the data using a computer program on the computer into a mathematical model of the design, the mathematical model representing the system design as a plurality of nodes and a plurality of pipes, the plurality of nodes representing at least one of;

a pipe size transition, a pipe bend, elbow, tee, lateral, the dry pipe valve and the plurality of sprinklers including the at least two open sprinklers, the plurality of pipes representing the network of pipes and at least one of the following physical attributes;

a pipe type, size, material, C-factor, absolute roughness, equivalent length and total length;

estimating an actuation time for the dry pipe valve for a gas in the plurality of pipes discharging through an open node of the plurality of nodes, predicting a transient time for liquid to reach the open node using at least one of a first computational engine and a second computational engine with the computer program;

(i) the first computational engine solving a system of energy equations that describe a liquid flow front in the plurality of nodes and pipes that take into consideration the interaction between the discharging gas and the liquid flow front; and

(ii) the second computational engine solving a system of momentum balance equations of a liquid, gas or liquid-gas mixture in each of the plurality of pipes for the entire period of transient flow through the plurality of pipes; and

displaying at least one of the actuation time, transient time and the time for the delivery of the liquid through the user interface of the computer,

wherein the first computational engine, the predicting and estimating defines flow properties of the gas and liquid in the plurality of nodes and pipes at any point in time based upon the unsteady Bernoulli Equation for fluid flow, temperature relaxation equations for gas, continuity equations for mass conservation and mass flow through the open node, and boundary conditions coupling the Bernoulli, temperature relaxation and continuity equations for the liquid and gas, the boundary condition being;

(i) liquid velocities at a liquid/gas interface are the same; and

(ii) equations for liquid pressure in terms of gas pressure are the same for either an adiabatic or isothermal gas flow; and

wherein the second computational engine uses at least one of two approaches;

(i) the first approach including solving for one of a fluid velocity and fluid mass flow rate in the model from a system of ordinary differential equations defining the momentum balance equations, determining the pressure at each node and determining the mass flow rates for fluid depleted through an open node in the model;

(ii) the second approach including solving for one of a fluid velocity and fluid mass flow rate in the model from the system of ordinary differential equations defining the momentum balance equations;

determining the volume balance for fluid at each node, integrating to determine the fluid mass at each time step.

30. The process of any one of claims 1 and 15-22, wherein constructing the dry pipe fire sprinkler system includes installing an actual plurality of sprinklers and pipes of the system to define a system capacity of greater than 500 gallons for a high-piled storage ordinary hazard application, the installation providing for an actual time for liquid delivery in the system that conforms to the determined time, the determined time being fifty seconds or less.

31. The process of any one of claims 1 and 15-22, wherein constructing the dry pipe fire sprinkler system includes installing an actual plurality of sprinklers and pipes to define a system capacity of greater than 500 gallons for a high-piled storage extra hazard application, the installation providing for an actual time for liquid delivery in the system that conforms to the determined time, the determined time being forty-five seconds or less and wherein the at least two open sprinklers are four open sprinklers.

32. The process of any one of claims 1 and 15-22,

wherein determining the time for liquid delivery in the model system, the liquid is water and the gas includes nitrogen, and the model has four open sprinklers spaced apart on a plurality of parallel branch lines, the four open sprinklers having a sequential operating time;

and

wherein further the constructing the dry pipe fire sprinkler system includes installing an actual plurality of sprinklers and pipes of the system to define one of;

(i) a system capacity of greater than 500 gallons for a high-piled storage ordinary hazard application, the installation providing for an actual time for delivery of liquid in the system that conforms to the determined time of the model, the determined time being fifty seconds or less; and

(ii) a system capacity of greater than 500 gallons for a high-piled storage extra hazard application, the installation providing for an actual time for delivery of liquid in the system that conforms to the determined transit time of the model, the determined time being forty-five seconds or less.

15. A process of installing a dry pipe sprinkler system for a type of fire hazard, the process comprising:

determining a time for delivery of liquid to at least two open sprinklers in a model dry pipe sprinkler system, the time being determined as a function of the type of fire hazard such that the time is less than a predetermined value, the model system including a network of pipes, a dry pipe valve and a plurality of sprinklers having a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers spaced throughout the network, the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers including the at least two open sprinklers; and

constructing a dry pipe fire sprinkler system based on the model system.

16. The process of claim 15, wherein determining the time for liquid delivery, the model includes at least two parallel branch lines and the at least two open sprinklers comprise four open sprinklers disposed on the at least two parallel branch lines such that the determining the time for delivery of liquid includes determining a time following the simultaneous opening of the four open sprinklers for fluid delivery to the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers at an operating pressure of the hydraulically remote sprinklers.

17. The process of claim 16, further including determining the trip time for actuation of the control valve which includes the time duration for an initial gas pressure in the network of pipes to drop below a threshold pressure, the gas pressure escaping through the four open sprinklers.

19. The process of claim 15, wherein determining the time for delivery of liquid, the at least two open sprinklers consists of four open sprinklers having a simultaneous operating sequence.

23. The process of any one of claims 15-22, wherein determining the time for delivery of liquid includes using a computational engine embodied in a computer to provide and alter a system of equations describing a motion of liquid flow over time in the network of pipes having liquid with gas in the pipes, the engine providing data for a graphical display of a time duration for liquid to flow through the model system and an estimate of a time duration for gas pressure in the network to drop below a threshold pressure defined as a preset ratio of a pressure of the liquid to the pressure of the gas when the gas is permitted to escape from the network through an open sprinkler in the network.

33. The process of any one of claims 15-22, wherein determining the time for delivery of liquid includes determining an operating pressure time in the model system.

21. A process of installing a dry pipe sprinkler system for a type of fire hazard, the process comprising:

determining a time for a delivery of liquid in a model dry pipe sprinkler system, the time being determined as a function of the type of fire hazard such that the time is less than a predetermined value, the model including;

a liquid source defined by at least one of a flow and pressure;

a tree network of pipes for coupling to the liquid source, the network having an initial gas pressure and at least one of a feed main, a cross main, a riser nipple, a branch line, a drop and a sprig, the network further being defined by at least one of a;

pipe schedule, size, internal diameter, Hazen Williams C-Factor, absolute roughness, length, fittings, equivalent length, and total length;

an automatic control valve located between the liquid source and the network, the control valve being defined by a trip ratio;

a plurality of sprinklers spaced throughout the network, the plurality of sprinklers including a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers from the control valve, each of the plurality of sprinklers being defined by at least one of a;

coverage area, K-factor, orifice diameter, minimum operating pressure, orientation, and elevation, the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers including a number of open sprinklers of no more than four open sprinklers, each of the open sprinklers being defined by an operating time, the determined time being the time for delivery of liquid to each of the open sprinklers;

the process further including;

constructing a dry pipe fire sprinkler system based on the model system.

24. The process of any one of claims 21 and 22, wherein the process further comprises:

generating at least a time based characteristic of liquid flow through the tree-type piping system; and

predicting a transit time of the liquid flow, the transit time having a value based on a calculation process that evaluates the physical processes of liquid and gas flow in each pipe of the tree-type piping system,

the generating including modeling physical attributes of the tree-type piping system as a close ended network of nodes and branch pipes and predicting the time based characteristic of the liquid flow through the nodes and branch pipes via at least one of;

(i) solving a system of energy equations that describes a liquid flow front in a network of pipes and nodes with liquid that take into consideration gas flow and pressure interaction upon the liquid front; and

(ii) solving a system of momentum balance equations of transient flow of liquid, gas or liquid-gas mixture in the entire piping system as a network of nodes and pipes for the entire period of the transient flow of liquid,

the predicting the time based characteristic of the liquid flow through the nodes and branch pipes further including;

estimating a time duration for gas pressure in the network to drop below a threshold pressure defined as a preset ratio of a pressure of the liquid to the pressure of the gas when the gas is permitted to escape from the network through an open node in the network including losses as the gas travels through the network;

approximating a time duration for a liquid front to travel from an initial location in the network to the open node and accounting for losses as the liquid travels through the network, the approximating including at least one of;

(i) determining approximate respective values for the velocity and pressure of liquid at a first point, velocity of liquid at a second point and the length of the liquid in a pipe segment between the first point and second point without any branching;

(ii) determining the approximate respective values of the velocity of liquid at a node with two branches for liquid flowing between from the first point to a node and the velocity of liquid flowing to a first branch;

(iii) determining the approximate respective velocities of liquid flowing through a pipe segment with an estimated value of a respective velocity from a node towards the first, second and third branches including determining the bubble velocity in vertical, horizontal and inclined pipe in the network;

(iv) determining head losses of liquid moving between two points of a branch line of the network including determining at least one of;

(a) fitting losses at fittings in the network; and

(b) total head losses as a summation of the frictional head losses along the pipe and the frictional head losses in the fittings;

(v) determining an approximation of the pressure of the liquid over time as the liquid front travels from the initial location to the open node; and

(v) determining bubble velocity in the pipes of the network.

27. The process of any one of claims 21 and 22, wherein determining the time for delivery of liquid in the model system, there are four open sprinklers spaced apart on a plurality of parallel branch lines.

28. The process of claim 27, wherein determining the time for delivery of liquid to the four open sprinklers, the four open sprinklers have an equivalent operating time.

29. The process of claim 27, wherein determining the time for delivery of liquid to the four open sprinklers, the four open sprinklers have a sequential operating time.

22. A process of installing a dry pipe sprinkler system for a type of fire hazard, the process comprising:

determining a time for a delivery of liquid in a model dry pipe sprinkler system as a function of the type of fire hazard with a computer program such that the time is less than a predetermined value, wherein the computer program when determining a transit time for at least one pipe topology, the computer program determines the transit time for the at least one topology with a percent deviation of less than 20% from an experimentally determined transit time for the at least one topology, the model system including;

a liquid source;

a tree network of pipes for coupling to the liquid source;

an automatic control valve located between the liquid source and the network;

a plurality of sprinklers spaced throughout the network, the plurality of sprinklers including a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers from the control valve, the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers including a number of open sprinklers of no more than four open sprinklers, the time in the model system being the time for delivery of liquid to each of the open sprinklers;

the process further including;

constructing a dry pipe fire sprinkler system based on the model system.

43. The at least one topology in any one of claims 22, 35, and 42, wherein the at least one topology consists essentially of:

(a) an array of twelve generally parallel branch pipes located approximately 14 feet and 4 inches above a floor on a first plane generally parallel to a floor, a first branch line proximate a first end of the array and a twelfth branch line proximate a second end of the array, each of the branch pipes defining a pipe having an internal diameter of approximately 1.25 inches with a ball valve located at a midpoint of each branch line, the ball valve having an internal diameter of approximately 1.25 inches with a flow coefficient of approximately 120 gallons per minute flow per a square root of flow pressure in pound per square inch gauge (gpm/psig^1/2);

(b) first and second cross mains spaced at approximately 28 inches from the first plane above the floor, each of the cross-mains having an internal diameter of approximately 4 inches, first and second connection pipes connecting the first and second cross mains, each of the first and second connection pipes having a ball valve and an internal diameter of approximately 4 inches and being elevated above the cross mains by approximately 10 inches between a centerline of each of the cross mains to a centerline of each of the connection pipes, the butterfly valve of each of the connection pipes having a flow coefficient of approximately 630 gpm/psig^1/2 and mounted at a location where the connection pipes are connected to the cross mains, the butterfly valves configured in a full flow position, each of the first and second cross mains connected at a lower surface of the cross main with first, second and third drain pipes of approximately 2 inches in diameter disposed generally perpendicular to the floor, the drain pipes having a first through third respective ball valves, each with an internal diameter of approximately 2 inches, each of the ball valves connected to the drain pipes at a location nearest the floor;

(c) a plurality of branch line risers being connected to the respective branch line at a position approximately 4 inches lower than the midpoint of each of the branch pipes, each of the plurality of branch line risers including a ball valve having an internal diameter of approximately 1.25 inches with a flow coefficient of approximately 120 gpm/psig^1/2 and located approximately 14 inches above a top surface of each of the cross-mains;

(d) a plurality of sprinklers including a plurality of upright ½

inches sprinkler heads CENTRAL®

GB with a K factor of 5.6 gpm/psig^1/2 connected to each of the plurality of branch pipes, the plurality of sprinkler heads being spaced apart from each other at a distance of approximately 9 feet and 4.5 inches on center to center of the sprinkler heads, each of the risers including an 8-inch Tee fitting No. 20 VICTAULIC®

connected to an 8-inch diameter Schedule 10 pipe oriented generally perpendicular to the floor via an 8-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the 8-inch pipe connected to a 8″

×

6″

concentric reducer fitting No. 50 VICTAULIC®

via an 8-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC® and

a 6-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the concentric reducer connected to a 6-inch check valve Model 90 CENTRAL®

, the check valve connected to a 6-inch grooved butterfly valve MECH-LINE®

via two 6-inch couplings style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the butterfly valve connected to a 6-inch Tee fitting No. 20 VICTAULIC®

via two 6-inch couplings style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the 6-inch Tee fitting connected to a second 6-inch Tee fitting No. 20 VICTAULIC®

via a 6-inch couplings style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the 6-inch Tee also connected to a 6″

to 4″

concentric reducer No. 50 VICTAULIC®

via a 6-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC® and

a 4-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the second 6-inch Tee being connected to a supply pipe being spaced at a distance of approximately 126 inches from the centerline of the supply pipe to the center line of the 8-inch Tee, the reducer being connected first to a 4-inch Tee fitting No. 20 VICTAULIC® and

second to a gauge assembly, the 4-inch Tee fitting being connected to a 4-inch grooved butterfly valve MECH-LINE®

via two 4-inch couplings style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the 4-inch butterfly valve connected to a 4-inch check valve Model 90 CENTRAL®

, the 4-inch check valve being connected a 4-inch Schedule 10 pipe having a length of approximately 97.1 inches oriented generally perpendicular to the floor;

(e) a liquid supply having a water flow rate in gallons per minute corresponding to a pressure to flow rate curve defined as a cartesian plot connecting five points on the plot including a first point of approximately 41 psig to 200 gpm, second point of approximately 37 psig to 400 gpm, third point of approximately 32 psig to 600 gpm, fourth point of approximately 24 psig to 800 gpm, fifth point of approximately 13 psig to 1000 gpm;

(f) the dry pipe valve being configured to open at 30 psig with the initial system gas pressure of 35 psig and the liquid supply pressure at 45 psig at the pressure to flow rate curve; and

(g) a sidewall type test sprinkler head having a K factor of 5.6 gpm/psig^1/2 connected to a 1.25-inch by 0.5-inch by 0.5 inch reduction Tee with a length of 2.7 inches, the Tee connected at one end to a pressure gauge SETRA Model 205-2 and connected at the second end to a 1.25 inch nipple Schedule 40 with a length of 2.2 inches, the 1.25-inch nipple connected to a 1.25-inch solenoid valve from ASCO®

with a length of 3.8 inches, the solenoid valve connected to a 1.25-inch adapter nipple Schedule 40 with a length of 3.7 inches, the adapter nipple connected to a first 1.25-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC®

, the first 1.25-inch coupling connected to a 90-degree elbow No. 10 from VICTAULIC®

, the elbow connected to a second 1.25-inch coupling style 77 VICTAULIC® and

spaced from the first 1.25-inch coupling by a distance generally parallel to the floor of about 2.8 inches, the second 1.25 inch couplings connected to the first branch line.

34. A dry pipe system installation comprising:

a liquid source;

an automatic control valve to control a flow of liquid from the source;

a plurality of sprinklers; and

a plurality of pipe members defining a tree network coupling the plurality of sprinklers to the control valve, the network having an initial gas pressure and a capacity of greater than 750 gallons, the network including a feed main, a cross main, a plurality of branch lines, the plurality of sprinklers being spaced along the plurality of branch lines so as to define a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers,

wherein the plurality of pipe members are installed so as to define a total pipe length, an elevation and a pressure loss for each of the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers from the control valve such that, when there are no more than four open hydraulically remote sprinklers to actuate the control valve, the system substantially conforms to a time based response characteristic in a model of the liquid source, the control valve, the plurality of sprinklers including the open sprinklers and the plurality of pipe members, the model accounting for the initial gas pressure of the network and the total pipe length, the elevation and the pressure loss for each of the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers such that the model further accounts for gas, liquid, gas-liquid in each pipe member, the time based response characteristic including time for liquid delivery to each of the open sprinklers.

39. The system of any one of claims 34-38, wherein the time based response characteristic includes the operating pressure time for the system.

35. A dry pipe system comprising:

a liquid source;

an automatic control valve to control a flow of liquid between the liquid source and a tree network;

a plurality of sprinklers; and

a plurality of pipe members defining the tree network coupling the plurality of sprinklers to the control valve, the network having an initial gas pressure and a capacity of greater than 750 gallons, the network including a feed main, a cross main, a plurality of branch lines, the plurality of sprinklers being spaced along the plurality of branch lines so as to define a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers from the control valve, and

wherein the plurality of pipe members are installed so as to define a total pipe length, an elevation and a pressure loss for each of the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers from the control valve such that, when there are no more than four open hydraulically remote sprinklers to actuate the control valve, the system substantially conforms to a time based response characteristic in a model of the liquid source, the control valve, the plurality of sprinklers including the open sprinklers and the plurality of pipe members, the time based response characteristic in the model being defined by an approach that when modeling at least one pipe topology, the approach determines a transit time of the at least one topology with a percent deviation of less than 20% from an experimentally determined transit time for the at least one topology.

36. A dry pipe system installation comprising:

a liquid source;

an automatic control valve to control a flow of liquid from the source;

a plurality of sprinklers; and

a plurality of pipe members defining a tree network coupling the plurality of sprinklers to the control valve, the network having an initial gas pressure and a capacity of greater than 750 gallons, the network including a feed main, a cross main, a plurality of branch lines, the plurality of sprinklers being spaced along the plurality of branch lines so as to define a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers,

wherein the plurality of pipe members are installed so as to define a total pipe length, an elevation and a pressure loss for each of the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers from the control valve such that, when there are no more than four open hydraulically remote sprinklers to actuate the control valve, the system substantially conforms to a time based response characteristic in a model of the liquid source, the control valve, the plurality of sprinklers including the open sprinklers and the plurality of pipe members, the model accounting for the initial gas pressure of the network and the total pipe length, the elevation and the pressure loss for each of the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers, the time based response characteristic including the time for liquid delivery to each of the open sprinklers.

37. A dry pipe system installation comprising:

a liquid source;

an automatic control valve to control a flow of liquid from the source;

a plurality of sprinklers; and

a plurality of pipe members defining a tree network coupling the plurality of sprinklers to the control valve, the network having an initial gas pressure and a capacity of greater than 750 gallons, the network including a feed main, a cross main, a plurality of branch lines, the plurality of sprinklers being spaced along the plurality of branch lines so as to define a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers,

wherein the plurality of pipe members are installed so as to define a total pipe length, an elevation and a pressure loss for each of the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers from the control valve such that, when there are no more than four open hydraulically remote sprinklers to actuate the control valve, the system substantially conforms to a time based response characteristic in a model of the liquid source, the control valve, the plurality of sprinklers including the open sprinklers and the plurality of pipe members, the model providing a sequence of operation for the open sprinklers and accounting for the initial gas pressure of the network and the total pipe length, the elevation and the pressure loss for each of the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers such that the model further accounts for the gas, liquid, liquid-gas in each of the pipes of the network over the sequence of operation of the four open sprinklers, the time based response characteristic including time for liquid delivery to the four open sprinklers.

38. A dry pipe system design for protection of any one of residential, high-piled storage, extra hazard, ordinary hazard, and light hazard application, the system design comprising:

a liquid source defined by a plurality of pressure-flow curves;

a tree network for coupling to the liquid source, the network being defined by a plurality of pipe members that includes at least one of a feed main, a cross main, a riser nipple, a branch line, a drop and a sprig, the tree network having an initial gas pressure further including at least one of a specified;

pipe schedule, size, internal diameter, Hazen Williams C-Factor, absolute roughness, length, fittings, equivalent length, and total length;

an automatic control valve located between the liquid source and the network having at least one of a trip ratio and trip pressure;

a plurality of sprinklers for installation throughout the network, the plurality of sprinklers including a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers, each sprinkler being defined by at least one of a;

coverage area, K-factor, orifice diameter, minimum operating pressure, orientation, and elevation, the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers having a number of open sprinklers of no more than four sprinklers, the design including operating times for each of the open sprinklers so as to define a sequential liquid delivery for the open sprinklers;

the design further including;

at least one desired time based response characteristic based upon the plurality of pressure-flow curves of the liquid source; and

a determined time based response characteristic that conforms with the at least one desired transit time based response characteristic, the determined time based response characteristic being determined by a transient model of the system design to account for the sequential liquid delivery to each of the open sprinklers and the gas, liquid, and gas-liquid in each of the pipe members.

40. A process of installing a dry pipe sprinkler system, the process comprising:

modeling the dry pipe sprinkler system to include;

a liquid source defined by at least one of a flow and a pressure;

a tree network coupled to the liquid source, the network having an initial gas pressure and including at least one of a feed main, a cross main, a riser nipple, a branch line, a drop and a sprig and further defined by at least one of a;

pipe schedule, size, internal diameter, Hazen Williams C-Factor, absolute roughness, length, fittings, equivalent length, and total length;

an automatic control valve located between the liquid source and the network, the control valve having a trip ratio;

a plurality of sprinklers spaced throughout the network, the plurality of sprinklers including a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers from the control valve, each of the plurality of sprinklers being defined by at least one of a;

coverage area, K-factor, orifice diameter, minimum operating pressure, orientation, and elevation, the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers including a number of open sprinklers of no more than four open sprinklers, each of the open sprinklers being defined by an operating time; and

a model time for liquid delivery from the automatic control valve to the hydraulically remote sprinklers, the model time being a function of at least one of the initial gas pressure in the network and the operating times of the open sprinklers; and

installing the dry pipe sprinkler system based on the model with a time for liquid delivery that substantially conforms to the model time for liquid delivery.

41. A process of providing a dry pipe sprinkler system, the process comprising:

identifying a desired time for liquid delivery;

building a model dry pipe sprinkler system to include;

a liquid source;

a tree network for coupling to the liquid source having an initial gas pressure, the network including at least one of a feed main, a cross main, a riser nipple, a branch line, a drop and a sprig;

an automatic control valve located between the liquid source;

a plurality of sprinklers spaced throughout the network including a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers from the control valve, the minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers including a number of open sprinklers of no more than four open sprinklers, each of the open sprinklers being defined by an operating time;

determining a time for liquid delivery to the open sprinklers in the model system as a function of the initial gas pressure and the operating times of the open sprinklers;

modifying the model such that the determined time substantially conforms to the desired time; and

providing a dry pipe sprinkler installation that conforms to the model.

42. A process of providing a dry pipe sprinkler system, comprising:

defining physical attributes of a model dry pipe sprinkler system including defining;

at least one of a flow and a pressure of a liquid source;

at least one of an initial gas pressure, pipe schedule, size, internal diameter, Hazen Williams C-Factor, absolute roughness, length, fittings, equivalent length, and total length of a tree network of pipes;

a trip ratio of an automatic control valve;

at least one of a K-factor, orifice diameter, minimum operating pressure, orientation, and elevation of a plurality of sprinklers including a minimum number of hydraulically remote sprinklers having no more than four open sprinklers,

determining a time for liquid delivery to the open sprinklers in the model system using a transient analysis-that determines a transit time of at least one topology with a percent deviation of less than 20% from an experimentally determined transit time for the at least one topology, the process further including;

providing a dry pipe sprinkler installation having the physical attributes and the determined transit time.