System and method for improving the efficiency of routers on the internet and/or cellular networks and/or other networks and alleviating bottlenecks and overloads on the network

• US 8,073,327 B2
• Filed: 10/30/2007
• Issued: 12/06/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 11/08/2000
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Batya Barhon Mayer
• Original Assignee: Batya Barhon Mayer
• Inventors: Mayer, Yaron, Baur, Al J. C.
• Primary Examiner(s): Li, Shi K
• Assistant Examiner(s): Jacob, Oommen
• Application Number:
  US11/928,098
• Publication Number:
  US 20080145050A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,498 Days
• Field of Search: 398/51, 398 54- 57, 398/52, 398/44, 398/43, 398/53
• US Class Current: 398/54
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 14/0227 Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 14/0232 for downstream transmission
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 14/0238 Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-many, e.g. multicasting wavelengths
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 14/0282 WDM tree architectures
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 14/0284 WDM mesh architectures
• CPC Class Codes: H04Q 11/0005 Switch and router aspects
• CPC Class Codes: H04Q 11/0066 Provisions for optical burst or packet networks
• CPC Class Codes: H04Q 2011/002 using optical delay lines or optical buffers or optical recirculation
• CPC Class Codes: H04Q 2011/0039 Electrical control

Abstract

Optical routers are currently unable to do packet switching except by translating the data to electronic data and then back, which is very inefficient. The present invention solves this problem by optically marking and detecting the packet headers or parts of them, translating at most only the headers or parts of them to electronics for making packet switching decisions, and keeping the rest of the packets in optical delay lines, and solving response-time problems. Another optimization described in this invention is improving routing efficiency and bandwidth utilization by grouping together identical data packets from the same source going to the same general area with a multiple list of targets connected to each copy of the data and sent together to the general target area. Another important optimization is a new architecture and principles for routing based on physical geographical IP addresses.

Claims

1. A system for improving the performance of optical routers on the Internet, cellular networks or other networks, wherein packets with headers are used, comprising:

a) a system comprising means for fast packet switching by dealing only with the headers, without conversion of the packets themselves to electronics and back, and means for compensating for the margin of error that occurs when the response time of the router is too slow for the bit rate, and wherein said compensation is done by means for;

optically duplicating a bit stream and using one copy of the bit stream to route the even packets, so that the odd packets are used as a slack area, and another copy of the bit stream to route the odd packets, so that the even packets are used as a slack area, and

means for providing a long mark at the beginning of the packet which is sufficiently larger than the margin of error, said means placing a target IP address at a constant bit distance from the beginning of the packet, and making sure the size of this mark remains long enough for the next router;

b) a hierarchical system that uses geographical IP addresses and bandwidth, in which routers that are higher on the hierarchy have sufficient direct links therebetween, such that the routers can reach peer routers without having to go through lower level routers; and

c) a system for grouping together at least one of identical and non-identical packets going to the same general area or direction, wherein the system is adapted such that packets that are identical are grouped together and are also condensed into a single packet with a list of multiple target addresses.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein optical marks are used for fast locating of the headers of optical data packets, further comprising:

a device for creating said optical marks;

a device at the router for optically detecting and extracting at least part of the packet header before delaying light bits;

a device for delaying the light bits at the router for the time needed for making packet switching decisions without having to convert the light bits to electricity;

a computer for comparing said target addresses to the required database and making packet switching decisions;

a fast optical router for carrying out packet switching decisions after the light has passed through the delaying device, without having to convert the light bits to electricity; and

a device for compensating for the margin of error that occurs when the response time of said fast optical router is too slow for the bit rate and enabling at least one of addition and deletion of data if required.

3. The system of claim 1, including at least one of:

a) identical data packets from the same source going to the same general area are grouped together and condensed by sending in each group the identical data only once, with a multiple list of targets connected to each copy of the data and sent together to the general target area;

b) non-identical packets from the same source or from different sources going to the same general target area are grouped together without condensing, so that they are routed together more efficiently and later similarly broken down according to physical proximity to the target area;

c) the grouped packets are broken down into smaller groups by the routers in the general target area and finally broken down to individual data packets for delivering to the final actual destinations;

d) the grouped packets are broken down directly by the routers in the general target area into individual data packets for delivering to the final actual destinations;

e) the grouping of the packets is done as a pre-processing by routers;

f) the grouping of the packets is done by the servers themselves, which can be at least one of the original site, a mirror site, and a proxy;

g) a short time window is used on the server for collecting requests for data in order to group the packets together; and

h) when downloading at least one of large video files, MP3 files, popular software files, and other large files, the server also combines together in the united packets requests that arrived after an original time window, so that new requests are combined with older requests and thus get first a later part of the file and then get earlier parts of the file later.

4. The system of claim 1, including at least one of:

a) each IP address contains also geographical coordinates and the routers are aware of their own coordinates and the coordinates of at least other main routers;

b) stationary Internet-connected devices have exact coordinates that are updated globally in the Internet when they change location;

c) mobile devices have more general coordinates and their more exact coordinates are updated only locally when they move;

d) routers make their routing decisions mainly by choosing the router whose physical coordinates are closest to the target;

e) the routers also take into consideration at least one of connectivity data and bandwidth data and current load data when such additional data is needed;

f) physical addresses are also combined with additional non-physical codes, so that if there is more than one network-connected device with exactly the same physical coordinates, the additional code can distinguish between them and only the nearest local devices need to carry local tables for choosing between them; and

g) physical addresses are combined with additional non-physical addresses, so that network-connected devices are grouped together into small areas, and within each small area non-physical routing tables are used locally.

5. The system of claim 4, including at least one of:

a) each router tries to choose one of the routers directly connected to it that are closest to the physical direction of the target area;

b) unless the target is within its own area, each router tries to choose one of the neighboring MAIN routers (routers that are highest on the hierarchy) that are closest to the physical direction of the target area;

c) each router has already a list of preferable next best hops or best routes for reaching the chosen MAIN router;

d) each MAIN router has the list of locations of all the MAIN routers on the net and tries to choose one of the MAIN routers that are closest to the target area;

e) each MAIN router has the list of locations of the MAIN routers on the net and tries to choose one of the MAIN routers that are closest to the target area;

f) each MAIN router has already a list of preferable next best hops or best routes for reaching the chosen MAIN router;

g) a hierarchy of at least two-levels of routers is used;

h) the higher a router is on the hierarchy, the more bandwidth is associated therewith;

i) routers are also connected directly with high-bandwidth as peers between each other, at least each one to its closer neighbors, without having to go through lower-level routers in order to reach their peers, so that once a higher-level router decides to forward a packet or group of packets to a higher-level peer the packets do not go through lower level routers;

j) lower level routers are used locally, and in order to get to other areas a lower level router forwards packets to a nearby MAIN router, which then forwards the data through direct connections to other MAIN routers, and only at the target area lower level routers are used again, in order to reach the final target;

k) at least one of load distribution systems and caching systems are optimized by placing at least one of mirror servers and proxies especially at close proximity to at least higher-level central routers on the hierarchies;

l) when updates are initiated from a data source to minor sites, the updates are distributed to all minor sites at the same time, thus automatically utilizing the optimization of routing together packets going to the same general areas;

m) when updates are initiated from a data source to minor sites, the updates are distributed to all minor sites the same time, thus automatically utilizing the optimization of routing together packets going to the same general areas; and

n) at least one of streaming audio data and streaming video data is also constantly updated between the origin of the data to the main centers and/or sub-centers even before requested by any user.

12. The method of claim 5, wherein for making the transition to this hierarchical architecture more efficient, the current structure of backbones and higher bandwidth connections is analyzed for automatically defining at least part of the hierarchy structure.

13. The method of claim 12, including at least one of:

a) performing said analysis automatic statistical analysis, and after the initial structure is analyzed and the geographical position of at least the more significant routers is specified, the basic geographical hierarchy is automatically defined, and then later improved for achieving better optimizations;

b) achieving further optimizations by finding where at least one of more connections and more bandwidth are needed, and adding them accordingly;

c) achieving further optimizations by deciding where more MAIN routers are needed, and adding bandwidth and more direct connections to routers that are chosen to become MAIN routers;

d) automatically repeating the analysis often, for obtaining constant follow-ups over the growth of the net and the connectivity of various parts of the net, and for locating and fixing at least one of weak links and vulnerable junctions in advance;

e) in order to further facilitate the conversion into the above described hierarchies, and since the net currently contains many interconnected independent networks that are connected between them on borders called NAPs (Network Access Points), which are problematic junctures, adding at least one MAIN router with high broadband direct contacts to their peers at other networks at the center or centers of each important network; and

f) adding more direct links along borders between networks, which is facilitated since there is no more need for complex routing tables at the borders.

6. A method for improving the performance of optical routers on the Internet, cellular networks or other 6 networks wherein packets with headers are used, comprising the steps of:

a) using fast packet switching in optical routers, by dealing only with the headers without conversion of the packets to electronics and back, and compensating for the margin of error that occurs when the response time of the router is too slow for the bit rate, by;

optically duplicating bit stream and using one copy of the bit stream to route even packets, so that the odd packets are used as a slack area, and another copy of the bit stream to route the odd packets, so that the even packets are used as a slack area, and

using a long mark at the beginning of the packet which is sufficiently larger than the margin of error, and placing a target IP address at a constant bit distance from the beginning of the packet and making sure the size of this mark remains long enough for the next router;

b) using a hierarchical system that uses geographical IP addresses and bandwidth, in which routers that are higher on the hierarchy have sufficient direct links therebetween such that the routers can reach peer routers without having to go through lower level routers;

c) grouping together at least one of identical and non-identical packets going to the same general area or direction, wherein the system is adapted so that packets that are identical can be grouped together and are condensed into a single packet with a list of multiple target addresses.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:

delaying the light bits at the router for the time needed for making packet switching decisions without converting light bits to electricity;

optically detecting and extracting at least part of the packet header at the router before delaying the light bits;

comparing said target addresses to the required database and making packet switching decisions;

carrying out said packet switching decisions after the light has passed through the delaying device, without converting the light bits to electricity; and

enabling at least one of addition and deletion of data if required.

8. The method of claim 7, including at least one method step selected from the group consisting of:

a) delaying the light bits at the router by means of an optic delay circuit that the light has to run through;

b) delaying the light bits at the router by at least one of holographic memory, stopping and storing the light in gas, and permitting the light to pass through chilled sodium gas or another medium that considerably slows the light;

c) processing some addresses in advance, so that the packet has also a destination label that aids making faster packet switching decisions;

d) converting target addresses into electrical data and making packet switching decisions are by an electronic computer;

e) making packet switching decisions by a photonic computer;

f) for adding data or changing data, routing the packet bit stream into a short delay circuit, inserting new data into the output channel, and routing the packet bit stream into the output channel;

g) regarding a group of lambdas as a single channel for packet switching, so that the group is routed together with the same routing decisions;

h) regarding all lambdas as a single channel for packet switching, so that the entire group is routed together with the same routing decisions; and

i) regarding groups of fibers as a single channel for packet switching, so that each group is routed together with the same routing decisions.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein said compensation for the margin of error includes at least one step selected from the group consisting of:

a) arranging in advance that all the packets are of at least a minimum required size; and

b) making sure the size of the long mark remains long enough for the next router by at least one of adding a further and similar long mark after every cut, adding a further and similar long mark after the cutting only if the existing mark is not long enough, and staring in advance with a mark long enough for multiple routers.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein said marks are made by at least one of:

a) a change in frequency, and an optical detector for the marks looks for a change in frequency;

b) a change in amplitude, and the optical detector for the marks looks for a change in amplitude;

c) an easily detectable period of no light, and the optical detector for marks looks for a period of no light;

d) an easily detectable period of consecutive light, and the optical detector for marks looks for a period of consecutive light;

e) an easily detectable period of consecutive light that is also marked by significantly increased intensity of the light, and the optical detector for marks also looks for a period of more intense light;

f) a change in polarization, and the optical detector for marks looks for a change in polarization;

g) an easily detectable period of fat bits that can also carry data, and the optical detector for marks looks for a period of fat bits;

h) a relative time shifting of the waves of the different lambdas, and the optical detector for marks looks for a change in wave phases;

i) an easily detectable period of no light before the beginning of the packet, and the optical detector for marks looks for a period of no light, and said period is always kept long enough to compensate for the margin of error caused by the response time of the router;

j) an easily detectable period consecutive light before the beginning of the packet and the optical detector for marks looks for a period of consecutive light, and said period is always kept long enough to compensate for the margin of error caused by the response time of the router; and

k) an easily detectable period of fat bits that can also carry data and said optical detector of marks looks for a period of fat bits and said period is always kept long enough to compensate for the margin of error caused by the response time of the router.

11. The method of claim 7, wherein a plurality of input fibers share the same output fibers, and at least one additional mechanism is used for handling problems when more than one packet with conflicting wavelengths need to enter the same exit fiber before another packet has finished passing, wherein said additional mechanism is selected from the group consisting of:

a) a mechanism based on using at least a few fibers for each destination route, so that there is more flexibility in choosing alternative output fibers in such cases of collision;

b) each lambda is used as a separate channel and said mechanisms are based on optical conversion of at least one of the colliding bit streams into another lambda;

c) subsets of lambdas are used each as a single channel and said mechanisms are based on optical conversion of at least one of the colliding bit streams into another non-conflicting group of lambdas;

d) at least two different polarizations are used by letting the colliding bit streams pass though appropriate polarization filters;

e) routing at least one of the colliding bit streams into at least one additional delay circuit, hoping that by the time it comes out the collision problem will no longer exist, and, if the collision is not solved, problematic packets are dropped; and

f) routing at least one of the colliding bit streams for temporary storage in an optical memory, hoping that by the time it comes out the collision problem will no longer exist, and, if the collision is not solved, problematic packets are dropped.

14. The method of claim 6, wherein at least some proxies keep streaming data in at least one temporary buffer for a specified time window that enables users to also request at least one of instant replay and retroactive recording even if the user hasn'"'"'t been tuned in to at least one of the streaming data or that source before, including at least one of:

a) said proxies are near at least one of MAIN routers, and lower level central routers on the hierarchies;

b) at least one of the instant replay and retroactive recoding are used with at least one of Internet Radio, Internet TV, video-conferences, and e-learning sessions;

c) different time windows are used for different events;

d) at least some events also carry a code specifying the requested time window for that event, so that proxies can be requested by the source of the streaming data to allow a longer retroactive time window;

e) replay is allowed in a few discrete time shifts, so that many users can view the replay at the same time, thus saving bandwidth when multiple packets going to the same physical direction are combined;

f) requests for data are combined even if some users start at a later point, and then only missing starting parts are transferred separately to each user, while at the same time the common parts are transferred simultaneously in condensed packets to many users in the same general area.

15. The method of claim 6, including at least one of:

a) grouping together identical data packets from the same source going to the same general area and condensing by sending in each group the identical data only once, with a multiple list of targets connected to each copy of the data and sent together to the general target area;

b) grouping together non-identical packets from the same source or form different sources going to the same general target area without condensing, so that they can be routed together more efficiently and later similarly broken down according to physical proximity to the target area;

c) breaking down the grouped packets into smaller groups by the routers in the general target area and finally broken down to individual data packets for delivering to the final actual destinations;

d) breaking down said grouped packets directly by the routers in the general target area into individual data packets for delivering to the final actual destinations;

e) performing said grouping of the packets as a pre-processing by routers;

f) performing said grouping of the packets by the servers themselves, which are at least one of the original site, a mirror site, and a proxy;

g) using a short time window on the server for collecting requests for data in order to group the packets together;

h) when downloading at least one of large video files, MP3 files, popular software files, and other large files, combining together by the server in the united packets, requests that came after the original time window, so that new requests can be combined with older requests and thus get first a later part of the file and then get earlier parts of the file later.

16. A method of improving routing efficiency and bandwidth utilization efficiency in the Internet, cellular networks or other networks of interconnected devices, wherein proxies are used which work with streaming data by using short time windows to combine requests for data together, and wherein:

a) after obtaining the data, said proxies also group together identical data packets from the same source going to the same general area by sending in each group the identical data only once, with a multiple list of targets connected to each copy of the data and sent together to the general target area; and

b) at least some of the routers function also as said proxies.