Optical tracking apparatus using six degrees of freedom

• US 8,077,914 B1
• Filed: 08/07/2007
• Issued: 12/13/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 08/07/2006
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Arkady Kaplan
• Original Assignee: Arkady Kaplan
• Inventors: Kaplan, Arkady
• Primary Examiner(s): ZARKA, DAVID PETER
• Application Number:
  US11/835,002
• Time in Patent Office: 1,589 Days
• Field of Search: 382/103
• US Class Current: 382/103
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 3/113 for determining or recording eye movement
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 3/14 Arrangements specially adapted for eye photography apparatus or arrangements for taking photographs per se G03B
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/013 Eye tracking input arrangements G06F3/015 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 40/19 Sensors therefor

Abstract

This invention discloses an optical object tracking method and system with to up to six degrees of freedom: three translational and three angular coordinates. In the preferred embodiment, the system includes two near-infra-red light sources (e.g., light emitting diode), two cameras, and a digital signal processor. The system performs to tasks: object locking and tracking. For object locking and tracking, a single camera and two off-axis light sources are engaged. For more precise object tracking, two spatially-separate cameras and a single diode are used. In another embodiment, a third camera may be used to separate the locking and tracking tasks. The light sources may have different light wavelengths and may operate in a sequential mode. The cameras may be sensitive over different spectral ranges and may also differ in terms of field-of-view and resolution. The invention describes a method based on capturing images of light reflections at the camera focal plane and analyzing them, through mathematical mapping, for known locations of light sources and cameras. Invention can be adopted for the tracking of an eyeball. The related method determines an object location and orientation or a gaze vector and a point-of-regard.

Claims

1. A system for measuring a location and an orientation of an object of arbitrary curvature, comprising:

a first and a second light sources illuminating the object;

a first and a second cameras receiving a first and a second image of the object being illuminated by the light sources and providing a first and a second image data respectively; and

a digital signal processing unit for receiving and analyzing the first and second image data for locating and tracking the object in real-time with six degrees of freedom, including rotational roll movement of the object around a vector from a coordinate origin to a center of the object, wherein

a real-time measurement of 3-dimensional unit vectors {ē

} defines the directions between the first camera and glints from the respective sources is implemented accordingly to the system of equations;

2. The system of claim 1, being adapted for tracking of a location and an orientation of an eyeball and optionally computing a direction of an eyeball gaze.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the object has at least one mark on its surface, the mark being clearly recognizable on the first and the second images captured by the cameras and used for facilitating object motion tracking, the mark having uniform or non-uniform reflective coefficient across the surface.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein mark emits light.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the system operates in a first and a second operational modes:

the first operational mode uses the first camera to produce an image from the first and the second glints caused by the first and the second light sources, respectively;

providing reliable and fast object locking, and

the second operational mode involves the first and the second cameras to produce an image from the glint caused by the second light source only;

providing more accurate object locking and tracking over larger tracking range and longer tracking distances compared to the first operational mode.

6. The system according to claim 5, further comprising a third camera located apart from the first and the second cameras, the third camera receiving a third image of the object and enabling the first and the second operational modes functioning independently and simultaneously:

wherein the first operational mode uses the first camera to produce an image from the first and the second glints caused by the first and the second light sources, respectively;

while the second operational mode, in parallel, involves the second and the third cameras to produce an image from the glint caused by the first light source only;

providing more accurate object locking and tracking over larger tracking range and longer tracking distance compare to the first operational mode.

7. The system of claim 6, wherein the object has at least one mark on its surface, the mark being clearly recognizable on the first, the second and the third images captured by the cameras and used for facilitating object motion tracking, the mark having uniform or non-uniform reflective coefficient across the surface, and the mark optionally emits light.

8. The system according to claim 6, wherein at least one of the cameras has an additional light source, positioned coaxially with the camera, for emitting light toward the object.

9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the light sources emit light intermittently with a specified frequency and a sequence pattern.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first light source generates light with a state of polarization different from that of the second light source.

11. The system of claim 1, wherein the first and second cameras have discriminative sensitivity with respect to the first and the second light sources.

12. The system of claim 1, further comprising:

a first and a second glints generated on the object'"'"'s surface, the glints generated by reflection of the light from the first and second light sources respectively, wherein the first and the second image data include images of the glints.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein:

the analyzing the first and the second image includes initial estimation of the object'"'"'s three-dimensional location using the first image data outputted by the first camera.

14. The system of claim 1, further comprising:

means for blocking the radiation from the first light source, and

the digital signal processing (DSP) unit further performs receiving and analyzing the first and the second images of the object being illuminated with the second light source;

the DSP unit measure and track a center of the object'"'"'s three-dimensional location.

15. The system of claim 1, further comprising:

means for blocking the radiation from the first light source,

the second image and a third image of the object being captured with the second camera and a third camera; and

the second and a third image data outputted by the second and the third cameras, respectively, the center of the object'"'"'s three-dimensional location being determined and tracked by said second and the third image data.

16. The system of claim 1, further comprising:

the digital signal processing unit estimating an initial center of the object'"'"'s three-dimensional location by the first image data outputted by the first camera;

means for blocking the radiation from the first light source;

the first and the second cameras performing a second acquisition of the first and the second images of the object, the object being illuminated with the second light source; and

the first and the second image data outputted by the first and the second cameras, respectively, the center of the object'"'"'s three-dimensional location being precisely determined and tracked by the said first and a second image data.

17. The system of claim 1, further comprising:

a mark located on the object surface, its center location and direction being determined by the said first and the second image data;

the digital signal processing unit using the mark, the first and second image obtained by the first and the second cameras to determine the object'"'"'s center three-dimensional location, orientation and three-dimensional unit vectors;

the said object'"'"'s center three-dimensional location being tracked with up to six degrees of freedom including pitch, yaw, and roll; and

a line of gaze being determined from the said three-dimensional location and orientation.

18. The system of claim 1, further comprising:

the digital signal processing unit using the first image data to determine the center of the object'"'"'s three-dimensional initial location;

means for blocking the radiation from the first light source;

the second and the third cameras performing a second acquisition of the second and a third images of the object;

a second and a third image data outputted by the second and the third cameras, respectively,

the digital signal processing unit precisely determines and tracks the center of the object'"'"'s three-dimensional location using the second and the third image data.

19. The system of claim 1, wherein

the first image data is processed by using preset parameters, the said parameters including a surface equation of the object and

a distance between the first light source and second light source,

a distance between the first camera and the second camera,

a distance between the first camera and the first light source,

a distance between the first camera and the second light source,

a distance between the second camera and the first light source and

a distance between the second camera and the second light source.