Frame structure, system and method for OFDM communications

• US 8,085,814 B2
• Filed: 10/02/2006
• Issued: 12/27/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 10/17/2001
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Nortel Networks Limited (Nortel Networks Corporation)
• Inventors: Ma, Jianglei, Jia, Ming, Zhu, Peiying, Tong, Wen
• Primary Examiner(s): MATTIS, JASON E
• Application Number:
  US11/529,223
• Publication Number:
  US 20070066362A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,912 Days
• Field of Search: 370/208, 370/345, 370/473
• US Class Current: 370/473
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/022 Site diversity; Macro-diversity using two or more spaced independent antennas H04B7/04
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/04 using two or more spaced independent antennas
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/0413 MIMO systems
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/0667 of delayed versions of same signal using space-time coding H04L1/0618
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 7/0697 using spatial multiplexing
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 11/0069 Cell search, i.e. determining cell identity [cell-ID] design of multiplexing codes H04J13/00; processing access restriction or access information H04W48/16; discovery of network devices for network data management H04W8/005; sounding signals for channel estimation H04L25/0226; structure of reference signals in multicarrier modulation systems H04L27/2613; frame, time or carrier synchronisation in multicarrier modulation systems H04L27/2655
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2602 Signal structure
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/26025 Numerology, i.e. varying one or more of symbol duration, subcarrier spacing, Fourier transform size, sampling rate or down-clocking allocating sub-channels of the transmission path H04L5/003
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2607 Cyclic extensions
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2613 Structure of the reference signals
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2627 Modulators
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2663 Coarse synchronisation, e.g. by correlation
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2665 Fine synchronisation, e.g. by positioning the FFT window
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2672 Frequency domain
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 27/2675 Pilot or known symbols
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 5/0023 Time-frequency-space
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 5/0037 Inter-user or inter-terminal allocation
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 5/0048 Allocation of pilot signals, i.e. of signals known to the receiver
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 7/0008 Synchronisation information channels, e.g. clock distribution lines
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 36/08 Reselecting an access point

Abstract

A method and apparatus are provided for performing acquisition, synchronization and cell selection within an MIMO-OFDM communication system. A coarse synchronization is performed to determine a searching window. A fine synchronization is then performed by measuring correlations between subsets of signal samples, whose first signal sample lies within the searching window, and known values. The correlations are performed in the frequency domain of the received signal. In a multiple-output OFDM system, each antenna of the OFDM transmitter has a unique known value. The known value is transmitted as pairs of consecutive pilot symbols, each pair of pilot symbols being transmitted at the same subset of sub-carrier frequencies within the OFDM frame.

Claims

1. A transmitter comprising:

a demultiplexer;

a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) components each receiving demultiplexed data from the demultiplexer;

a plurality of antennas, each antenna connected to a respective OFDM component of the plurality of OFDM components;

the transmitter adapted to transmit a packet data frame structure comprising;

a superframe having a length corresponding to a synchronization period of a network;

the superframe containing a plurality of radio frames;

each radio frame containing a plurality of TPS (transmission parameter signalling) frames corresponding to an adaptive coding and modulation period;

each TPS frame containing a plurality of slots corresponding to an air interface slot size;

each slot containing a plurality of OFDM symbols

wherein the transmitter is adapted to transmit in a plurality of different modes by transmitting a different number of OFDM symbols per slot with an unchanged slot duration and with no change to the frame structure above the slot.

2. A transmitter according to claim 1 wherein modes with an increased number of OFDM symbols per slot are realized by shortening OFDM symbol duration, and shortening FFT size used for constructing the OFDM symbols, but not changing sampling frequency.

3. A transmitter according to claim 1 adapted to transmit to a respective set of users for each TPS frame and to signal for each TPS frame which users should demodulate the entire TPS frame.

4. A receiver adapted to receive and process OFDM frames transmitted by the transmitter of claim 1.

5. A transmitter according to claim 1 wherein the first two symbols of the first slot of the first TPS frame of each OFDM frame are used as header OFDM symbols.

6. A transmitter according to claim 5 wherein the header OFDM symbols have a header OFDM symbol format in which sub-carriers of a header OFDM symbol are divided into a non-contiguous set of sub-carriers for each of the plurality of antennas, with each antenna transmitting the header OFDM symbol only on the respective set of sub-carriers.

7. A transmitter according to claim 5 wherein the header OFDM symbols contain multiplexed pilot channel sub-carriers and common synchronization channel sub-carriers for each of the plurality of antennas.

8. A transmitter according to claim 5 wherein the header OFDM symbols further contain multiplexed broadcasting channel sub-carriers for each of the plurality of antennas.

9. The transmitter of claim 1 adapted to transmit using:

a first mode of operation in which OFDM symbols are constructed from N time domain samples;

a second mode of operation in which OFDM symbols are constructed from N/2 time domain samples.

10. The transmitter of claim 9 adapted to perform switching between the first and second mode subject to a frame size constraint.

11. The transmitter of claim 9 further adapted to, for each first mode OFDM symbol, transmit an M sample prefix, and for each second mode OFDM symbol, transmit an M/2 sample prefix.

12. The transmitter of claim 11 wherein N=1024 and M=32.

13. The transmitter of claim 9 wherein a sampling rate for the first mode of operation is equal to a sampling rate for the second mode of operation such that OFDM symbols in the second mode are twice as long as OFDM symbols in the first mode of operation.

14. The transmitter of claim 1 adapted to transmit using:

a first mode of operation in which OFDM symbols are constructed using a first FFT size;

a second mode of operation in which OFDM symbols are constructed using a second FFT size.

15. The transmitter of claim 14 wherein an increased number of OFDM symbols per slot are realized by shortening OFDM symbol duration for the second OFDM mode by setting the second FFT size smaller than the first FFT size, but not changing sampling frequency.

16. The transmitter of claim 14 further comprising a prefix inserter that inserts a prefix before each symbol, the prefixes for the first mode of operation having a first number of samples, and the prefixes for the second mode of operation having a second number of samples, with a ratio of the first number of samples to the first FFT size being equal to a ratio of the second number of samples to the second FFT size.

17. The transmitter of claim 1 comprising:

a first FFT element that has a first FFT size and generates first OFDM symbols with a first duration, each first OFDM symbol having a respective first cyclic prefix;

a second FFT element that has a second FFT size that is smaller than the first FFT size that generates second OFDM symbols with a second duration that is shorter than the first duration, each second OFDM symbol having a respective second cyclic prefix, a duration of each second cyclic prefix being shorter than a duration of each first cyclic prefix;

the transmitter being adapted to transmit a series of slots with fixed duration, the slots containing first OFDM symbols and second OFDM symbols.

18. A method for transmitting in an OFDM transmitter comprising a plurality of antennas, the method comprising:

transmitting a packet data frame structure comprising;

a superframe having a length corresponding to a synchronization period of a network;

the superframe containing a plurality of radio frames;

each radio frame containing a plurality of TPS (transmission parameter signalling) frames corresponding to an adaptive coding and modulation period;

each TPS frame containing a plurality of slots corresponding to an air interface slot size;

each slot containing a plurality of OFDM symbols,

wherein transmitting the packet data frame structure further comprises transmitting in a plurality of different modes by transmitting a different number of OFDM symbols per slot with an unchanged slot duration and with no change to the frame structure above the slot.

19. The method according to claim 18 further comprising using the first two symbols of the first slot of the first TPS frame of each OFDM frame as header OFDM symbols.

20. The method according to claim 19 further comprising:

dividing sub-carriers of a header OFDM symbol into a non-contiguous set of sub-carriers for each of the plurality of antennas; and

each antenna transmitting the header OFDM symbol only on the respective set of sub-carriers.

21. The method according to claim 19 further comprising multiplexing pilot channel sub-carriers and common synchronization channel sub-carriers in the header OFDM symbols for each of the plurality of antennas.

22. The method according to claim 19 further comprising multiplexing broadcasting channel sub-carriers in the header OFDM symbols for each of the plurality of antennas.

23. The method according to claim 18 further comprising shortening OFDM symbol duration and FFT size used for constructing the OFDM symbols, but not changing sampling frequency, to realize modes with an increased number of OFDM symbols per slot.

24. The method according to claim 18, wherein transmitting comprises transmitting to a respective set of users and signalling for each TPS frame which users should demodulate the entire TPS frame.

25. The method according to claim 18 further comprising:

in a first mode of operation constructing OFDM symbols from N time domain samples;

in a second mode of operation constructing OFDM symbols from N/2 time domain samples.

26. The method according to claim 25 further comprising switching between the first and second mode subject to a frame size constraint.

27. The method according to claim 25 further comprising:

for each first mode OFDM symbol, transmitting an M sample prefix; and

for each second mode OFDM symbol, transmitting an M/2 sample prefix.

28. The method according to claim 27 wherein N=1024 and M=32.

29. The method according to claim 25 comprising using a sampling rate for the first mode of operation is that is equal to a sampling rate for the second mode of operation such that OFDM symbols in the second mode are twice as long as OFDM symbols in the first mode of operation.

30. The method according to claim 18 comprising:

in a first mode of operation constructing OFDM symbols using a first FFT size;

in a second mode of operation constructing OFDM symbols using a second FFT size.

31. The method according to claim 30 further comprising shortening OFDM symbol duration for the second OFDM mode to realize an increased number of OFDM symbols per slot by setting the second FFT size smaller than the first FFT size, but not changing sampling frequency.

32. The method according to claim 30 further comprising:

inserting a prefix before each symbol, the prefixes for the first mode of operation having a first number of samples, and the prefixes for the second mode of operation having a second number of samples, with a ratio of the first number of samples to the first FFT size being equal to a ratio of the second number of samples to the second FFT size.

33. The method of claim 18 comprising:

generating first OFDM symbols with a first duration, each first OFDM symbol having a respective first cyclic prefix;

generating second OFDM symbols with a second duration that is shorter than the first duration, using an FFT size that is smaller than an FFT size used to generate the first OFDM symbols, each second OFDM symbol having a respective second cyclic prefix, a duration of each second cyclic prefix being shorter than a duration of each first cyclic prefix;

transmitting a series of slots with fixed duration, the slots containing first OFDM symbols and second OFDM symbols.