Near field communication front-end

• US 8,115,598 B2
• Filed: 03/14/2008
• Issued: 02/14/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 03/30/2007
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: NXP USA, Inc. (NXP Semiconductors NV)
• Original Assignee: Broadcom Corporation (Broadcom, Inc.)
• Inventors: Rofougaran, Ahmadreza (Reza), Rofougaran, Maryam, Shameli, Amin
• Primary Examiner(s): Zimmerman, Brian
• Assistant Examiner(s): ALAM, MIRZA F
• Application Number:
  US12/048,786
• Publication Number:
  US 20080238625A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,432 Days
• Field of Search: 340/572.1, 340/572.4, 340/572.7, 340/572.8, 340/573.1, 340/573.2, 340/568.1, 340/500, 340/505, 340/10.1, 340/825.54, 340/825.49, 455/63.1, 455/263, 455/212, 455/265, 455/208, 455/132, 455/195.1, 455/260, 455/70, 455/67.14, 455/67.15, 455/168.1, 455/334, 455/101, 455/102, 375/267, 375/326, 375/344, 375/347, 375/350, 375/323
• US Class Current: 340/10.1
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 5/22 Capacitive coupling
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 5/263 Multiple coils at either side
• CPC Class Codes: H04B 5/77 for interrogation

Abstract

A near field communication front-end includes an up conversion module, a plurality of coils, and a down conversion module. The up conversion module is coupled to convert an outbound symbol stream into a plurality of outbound signals based on a frequency-space encoding scheme. The plurality of coils is coupled to electromagnetically transmit the plurality of outbound signals and to electromagnetically receive a plurality of inbound signals in accordance with the frequency-space encoding scheme. The down conversion module is coupled to convert the plurality of inbound signals into an inbound symbol stream in accordance with the frequency-space encoding scheme.

Claims

1. A near field radio frequency identification (RFID) reader comprises:

a baseband module coupled to convert outbound data into an outbound symbol stream and to convert an inbound symbol stream into inbound data;

an up conversion module coupled to convert the outbound symbol stream into a plurality of outbound RFID signals based on a frequency-space encoding scheme;

a plurality of coils coupled to electromagnetically transmit the plurality of outbound RFID signals based on the frequency-space encoding scheme and to electromagnetically receive a plurality of inbound RFID signals in accordance with the frequency-space encoding scheme; and

a down conversion module coupled to convert the plurality of inbound RFID signals into the inbound symbol stream in accordance with the frequency-space encoding scheme.

2. The near field RFID reader of claim 1, wherein the up conversion module comprises:

an oscillator coupled to generate an oscillation having a rate corresponding to a desired carrier frequency for the plurality of outbound RFID signals;

a frequency-space modulation module coupled to generate modulation data from the outbound symbol stream and coupled to generate a plurality of frequency offset oscillations from the oscillation in accordance with the frequency-space encoding scheme; and

a plurality of power amplifier modules coupled to amplify the plurality of frequency offset oscillations based on the modulation data to produce the plurality of outbound signals.

3. The near field RFID reader of claim 2, wherein the frequency-space modulation module comprises:

an amplitude modulation module coupled to generate at least one of;

amplitude modulation data and amplitude shift keying (ASK) data;

a frequency offset module coupled to generate the plurality of frequency offsets; and

a plurality of mixing modules coupled to mix the oscillation with the plurality of frequency offsets to produce a plurality of frequency offset oscillations, wherein the plurality of power amplifier modules amplifies the plurality of frequency offset oscillations based on the at least one of the amplitude modulation data and the ASK data to produce the plurality of outbound RFID signals.

4. The near field RFID reader of claim 1, wherein the up conversion module comprises:

an oscillator coupled to generate an oscillation having a rate corresponding to a desired carrier frequency for the plurality of outbound RFID signals;

a frequency offset module coupled to generate a plurality of frequency offsets;

a mixing module coupled to;

during a first time interval of a time frame, mix the oscillation with a first frequency offset of the plurality of frequency offsets to produce a first frequency offset oscillation;

during a second time interval of the time frame, mix the oscillation with a second frequency offset of the plurality of frequency offsets to produce a second frequency offset oscillation;

a modulation module coupled to generate modulation data from the outbound symbol stream;

a power amplifier module coupled to;

during the first time interval, amplify the first frequency offset oscillation based on the modulation data to produce a first outbound RFID signal of the plurality of outbound RFID signals;

during the second time interval, amplify the second frequency offset oscillation based on the modulation data to produce a second outbound RFID signal of the plurality of outbound RFID signals; and

a switch module coupled to;

during the first time interval, provide the first outbound RFID signal to at least a first coil of the plurality of coils; and

during the second time interval, provide the second outbound RFID signal to at least a second coil of the plurality of coils.

5. The near field RFID reader of claim 1, wherein the up conversion module comprises:

an oscillator coupled to generate an oscillation having a rate corresponding to a desired carrier frequency for the plurality of outbound RFID signals;

a frequency offset module coupled to generate a plurality of frequency offsets;

a mixing module coupled to mix the oscillation with the plurality of frequency offsets to produce a plurality of frequency offset oscillations;

a modulation module coupled to generate modulation data from the outbound symbol stream;

a plurality of power amplifier modules coupled to amplify the plurality of frequency offset oscillations in accordance with the modulation data to produce a plurality of modulated and frequency offset oscillations; and

a multiplexer module coupled to;

during a first time interval of a time frame, provide the plurality of modulated and frequency offset oscillations in a first pattern to the plurality of coils as the plurality of outbound RFID signals; and

during a second time interval of the time frame, provide the plurality of modulated and frequency offset oscillations in a second pattern to the plurality of coils as the plurality of outbound RFID signals.

6. The near field RFID reader of claim 1, wherein the up conversion module comprises:

an adjustable oscillator coupled to;

during a first time interval of a time frame, generate the oscillation having a rate corresponding to a desired carrier frequency for the plurality of outbound RFID signals;

during a second time interval of the time frame, generating a second oscillation having a rate corresponding to the rate of the oscillation plus or minus a frequency offset;

a modulation module coupled to generate modulation data from the outbound symbol stream;

a power amplifier module coupled to;

during the first time interval, amplify the oscillation based on the modulation data to produce a first outbound RFID signal of the plurality of outbound RFID signals;

during the second time interval, amplify the second oscillation based on the modulation data to produce a second outbound RFID signal of the plurality of outbound RFID signals; and

a switch module coupled to;

during the first time interval, provide the first outbound RFID signal to at least a first coil of the plurality of coils; and

during the second time interval, provide the second outbound RFID signal to at least a second coil of the plurality of coils.

7. The near field RFID reader of claim 1, wherein the down conversion module comprises:

a plurality of low noise amplifier blocking modules coupled to amplify the plurality of inbound RFID signals and to block, therefrom, the plurality of outbound RFID signals to produce a plurality of amplified and blocked inbound RFID signals;

a combining module coupled to combine the plurality of amplified and blocked inbound RFID signals to produce a combined inbound RFID signal; and

a down conversion mixing module coupled to mix the combined inbound RFID signal with an oscillation to produce inbound symbol stream.

8. The near field RFID reader of claim 7, wherein a low noise amplifier blocking module of the plurality of low noise amplifier blocking modules comprises:

a low noise amplifier coupled to amplify an inbound RFID signal of the plurality of inbound RFID signals to produce an amplified inbound RFID signal, wherein the inbound RFID signal includes a desired component and a blocking component, and wherein the blocking component corresponds to at least one of the plurality of outbound RFID signals;

a limiting module coupled to limit the inbound RFID signal to produce a limited inbound RFID signal that includes a substantially attenuated desired component and a substantially unattenuated block component; and

a subtraction module coupled to subtract the limited inbound RFID signal from the inbound RFID signal to produce one of the plurality of amplified and blocked inbound RFID signals.

9. The near field RFID reader of claim 8, wherein the low noise amplifier blocking further comprises:

a frequency offset extraction module coupled to remove a frequency offset from the one of the plurality of amplified and blocked inbound RFID signals.

10. The near field RFID reader of claim 7, wherein the combining module comprises:

a plurality of frequency offset extraction modules coupled to remove frequency offsets from the plurality of inbound RFID signals to produce a plurality of frequency aligned inbound RFID signals; and

a summing module coupled to sum the plurality of frequency aligned inbound RFID signals to produce the combined inbound RFID signal.

11. The near field RFID reader of claim 7, wherein the down conversion module further comprises:

a multiplexer coupled to provide selected ones of the plurality of inbound RFID signals to the plurality of low noise amplifier blocking modules.

12. A near field communication front-end comprises:

an up conversion module coupled to convert an outbound symbol stream into a plurality of outbound signals based on a frequency-space encoding scheme;

a plurality of coils coupled to electromagnetically transmit the plurality of outbound signals and to electromagnetically receive a plurality of inbound signals in accordance with the frequency-space encoding scheme; and

a down conversion module coupled to convert the plurality of inbound signals into an inbound symbol stream in accordance with the frequency-space encoding scheme.

13. The near field communication front-end of claim 12, wherein the up conversion module comprises:

an oscillator coupled to generate an oscillation having a rate corresponding to a desired carrier frequency for the plurality of outbound signals;

a frequency-space modulation module coupled to generate modulation data from the outbound symbol stream and coupled to generate a plurality of frequency offset oscillations from the oscillation in accordance with the frequency-space encoding scheme; and

a plurality of power amplifier modules coupled to amplify the plurality of frequency offset oscillations based on the modulation data to produce the plurality of outbound signals.

14. The near field communication front-end of claim 13, wherein the frequency-space modulation module comprises:

an amplitude modulation module coupled to generate at least one of;

amplitude modulation data and amplitude shift keying (ASK) data;

a frequency offset module coupled to generate the plurality of frequency offsets; and

a plurality of mixing modules coupled to m1x the oscillation with the plurality of frequency offsets to produce a plurality of frequency offset oscillations, wherein the plurality of power amplifier modules amplifies the plurality of frequency offset oscillations based on the at least one of the amplitude modulation data and the ASK data to produce the plurality of outbound RFID signals.

15. The near field communication front-end of claim 12, wherein the up conversion module comprises:

an oscillator coupled to generate an oscillation having a rate corresponding to a desired carrier frequency for the plurality of outbound signals;

a frequency offset module coupled to generate a plurality of frequency offsets;

a mixing module coupled to;

during a first time interval of a time frame, m1x the oscillation with a first frequency offset of the plurality of frequency offsets to produce a first frequency offset oscillation;

during a second time interval of the time frame, mix the oscillation with a second frequency offset of the plurality of frequency offsets to produce a second frequency offset oscillation;

a modulation module coupled to generate modulation data from the outbound symbol stream;

a power amplifier module coupled to;

during the first time interval, amplify the first frequency offset oscillation based on the modulation data to produce a first outbound signal of the plurality of outbound signals;

during the second time interval, amplify the second frequency offset oscillation based on the modulation data to produce a second outbound signal of the plurality of outbound signals; and

a multiplexer module coupled to;

during the first time interval, provide the first outbound signal to at least a first coil of the plurality of coils; and

during the second time interval, provide the second outbound signal to at least a second coil of the plurality of coils.

16. The near field communication front-end of claim 12, wherein the up conversion module comprises:

an oscillator coupled to generate an oscillation having a rate corresponding to a desired carrier frequency for the plurality of outbound signals;

a frequency offset module coupled to generate a plurality of frequency offsets;

a mixing module coupled to mix the oscillation with the plurality of frequency offsets to produce a plurality of frequency offset oscillations;

a modulation module coupled to generate modulation data from the outbound symbol stream;

a plurality of power amplifier modules coupled to amplify the plurality of frequency offset oscillations in accordance with the modulation data to produce a plurality of modulated and frequency offset oscillations; and

a switch module coupled to;

during a first time interval of a time frame, provide the plurality of modulated and frequency offset oscillations in a first pattern to the plurality of coils as the plurality of outbound signals; and

during a second time interval of the time frame, provide the plurality of modulated and frequency offset oscillations in a second pattern to the plurality of coils as the plurality of outbound signals.

17. The near field communication front-end of claim 12, wherein the up conversion module comprises:

an adjustable oscillator coupled to;

during a first time interval of a time frame, generate the oscillation having a rate corresponding to a desired carrier frequency for the plurality of outbound signals;

during a second time interval of the time frame, generating a second oscillation having a rate corresponding to the rate of the oscillation plus or minus a frequency offset;

a modulation module coupled to generate modulation data from the outbound symbol stream;

a power amplifier module coupled to;

during the first time interval, amplify the oscillation based on the modulation data to produce a first outbound signal of the plurality of outbound signals;

during the second time interval, amplify the second oscillation based on the modulation data to produce a second outbound signal of the plurality of outbound signals; and

a switch module coupled to;

during the first time interval, provide the first outbound signal to at least a first coil of the plurality of coils; and

during the second time interval, provide the second outbound signal to at least a second coil of the plurality of coils.

18. The near field communication front-end of claim 12, wherein the down conversion module comprises:

a plurality of low noise amplifier blocking modules coupled to amplifY the plurality of inbound RFID signals and to block the plurality of output signals to produce a plurality of amplified and blocked inbound signals;

a combining module coupled to combine the plurality of amplified and blocked inbound signals to produce a combined inbound signal; and

a down conversion mixing module coupled to mix the combined inbound signal with an oscillation to produce inbound symbol stream.

19. The near field communication front-end of claim 18, wherein a low noise amplifier blocking module of the plurality of low noise amplifier blocking modules comprises:

a low noise amplifier coupled to amplify an inbound signal of the plurality of inbound signals to produce an amplified inbound signal, wherein the inbound signal includes a desired component and a blocking component, and wherein the blocking component corresponds to at least one of the plurality of outbound signals;

a limiting module coupled to limit the inbound signal to produce a limited inbound signal that includes a substantially attenuated desired component and a substantially unattenuated block component; and

a subtraction module coupled to subtract the limited inbound signal from the inbound signal to produce one of the plurality of amplified and blocked inbound signals.

20. The near field communication front-end of claim 19, wherein the low noise amplifier blocking further comprises:

a frequency offset extraction module coupled to remove a frequency offset from the one of the plurality of amplified and blocked inbound signals.

21. The near field communication front-end of claim 18, wherein the combining module comprises:

a plurality of frequency offset extraction modules coupled to remove frequency offsets from the plurality of inbound signals to produce a plurality of frequency aligned inbound signals; and

a summing module coupled to sum the plurality of frequency aligned inbound signals to produce the combined inbound signal.

22. The near field communication front-end of claim 18, wherein the down conversion module further comprises:

a multiplexer coupled to provide selected ones of the plurality of inbound signals to the plurality of low noise amplifier blocking modules.