Magnetic anomaly detector

• US 8,120,355 B1
• Filed: 05/27/2009
• Issued: 02/21/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 05/27/2009
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Lockheed Martin Corporation (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Lockheed Martin Corporation (Martin Marietta Corporation)
• Inventors: Stetson, John B.
• Primary Examiner(s): LeDynh, Bot L
• Application Number:
  US12/472,467
• Time in Patent Office: 1,000 Days
• Field of Search: 324/76.21, 324/76.24, 324/244.1
• US Class Current: 324/244.1
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 33/1284 Spin resolved measurements; Influencing spins during measurements, e.g. in spintronics devices G01R33/093 takes precedence; semiconductor devices using spin polarized carriers H01L29/66984

Abstract

A magnetic anomaly detector includes a magnetically active device which produces analog signals in response to magnetic fields. The analog signals are time quantized and then discrete-time differentiated. The differentiated signals are applied to a low-pass filter. The filtered signals are Fourier transformed into an amplitude-frequency spectrum. An error detector compares at least one reference amplitude-frequency spectrum with the reference spectrum to identify the presence or absence of a magnetic anomaly. The resulting error is displayed on a monitor or operates an alarm.

Claims

1. A magnetic anomaly detector, comprising:

a magnetic field detector for generating analog signals in response to an incident magnetic field;

a sample-and-hold device coupled to said magnetic field detector for generating time-quantized analog signals from said analog signals;

a discrete-time differentiator coupled to said sample-and-hold device, for differentiating said time-quantized analog signals to thereby generate differentiated signals;

a low-pass filter coupled to said differentiator, for rejecting spectral frequencies above a given value and for passing spectral frequencies below said given value, to thereby generate filtered signals;

a Fourier transform device coupled to said low-pass filter for receiving said filtered signals, and for transforming said filtered signals into a frequency-amplitude spectrum;

a reference spectrum source for generating at least one frequency spectrum representing the presence of a magnetic anomaly;

an error detector coupled to said Fourier transform device and to said reference spectrum source, for generating an error signal representative of differences between said reference spectrum and the frequency-amplitude spectrum; and

an alarm coupled to said error detector for responding to identification of one of a match and no match between said reference spectrum and the frequency-amplitude spectrum.

2. A magnetic anomaly detector according to claim 1, wherein said error detector includes:

a library reader for sequentially reading reference spectra from a memory,

a current spectrum reader for reading a currently sensed spectrum,

a subtractor and squaring arrangement for taking a difference between the reference and current spectra at each discrete frequency spectrum, and for squaring the difference values, and

an overall fit comparison processor for selecting that one of the reference spectra which is the best match to the currently sensed spectrum, and for outputting an identification of the best-match anomaly to a display device.

3. A detector according to claim 1, wherein said magnetic field detector for generating analog signals in response to an incident magnetic field comprises:

a photoresponsive solid-state crystalline device with lattice imperfections, in which lattice imperfections electrons resonate at a given wavelength;

a source of timed sequential pairs of light pulses at said given wavelength, said source being directed toward said device, wherein the first of said pulses raises an energy state of said electrons over a ground state, thereby creating first and second distinct quantum spin state populations, and said second of said pulses of each pair of pulses occurs at a time such that the energy state of said electrons is reduced to said ground state, and wherein the reduction of said energy state generates generating photons which exit said device, the number of said photons exiting said device being related to a magnitude of a magnetic field through said device; and

a photon detector for responding to said photons and for generating an electrical signal in response to said photons.

4. A magnetic anomaly detector, comprising:

a photoresponsive solid-state crystalline device with lattice imperfections, in which lattice imperfections electrons resonate at a given wavelength;

a source of timed sequential pairs of light pulses at said given wavelength, said source being directed toward said device, wherein the first of said pulses raises the energy state of said electrons over a ground state, thereby creating first and second distinct quantum spin state populations, and said second of said pulses of each pair of pulses occurs at a time such that the energy state of said electrons is reduced to said ground state, and wherein the reduction of said energy state generates photons which exit said device, the number of said photons exiting said device being related to a magnitude of a magnetic field through said device;

a photon detector for responding to said photons and for generating an electrical signal in response to said photons;

a sample-and-hold device coupled to said photon detector for generating time-quantized electrical signals;

a differentiator coupled to said sample-and-hold device for differentiating said time-quantized electrical signals to produce differentiated signals;

a low-pass filter coupled to said differentiator for low-pass-filtering said differentiated signals to produce reduced-noise signals;

an amplitude-time-to-spectrum converter coupled to said low-pass filter, for converting said reduced-noise signals to an amplitude-frequency spectrum;

a library of reference amplitude-frequency spectra, each representing an amplitude-frequency spectrum of a magnetic anomaly; and

a comparator for comparing said amplitude-frequency spectrum with at least one reference amplitude-frequency spectrum to determine the presence or absence of said magnetic anomaly.

5. A detector according to claim 4, wherein said photoresponsive solid-state crystalline device with lattice imperfections comprises a diamond crystal with offset nitrogen impurities.

6. A detector according to claim 4, wherein said given wavelength is 532 nm.

7. A detector according to claim 4, wherein said photon detector includes:

a two-dimensional charge-coupled device for generating electrons in response to photons from said crystalline device;

an accumulator for accumulating said electrons from said charge-coupled device; and

a digital-to-analog converter coupled to said accumulator, for converting accumulated signals into analog signals.

8. A detector according to claim 4, wherein said differentiator is a discrete-time differentiator.

9. A method for detecting a magnetic anomaly, comprising:

sensing a magnetic field using a single-axis sensor;

applying a signal output from the single-axis sensor to a sampling device to produce a time sequence of signals;

applying the sequence of signals to a differentiator to obtain discrete time rate of change scalar signals;

filtering the output from the differentiator to reduce high-frequency noise contamination of the time rate of change scalar signals;

transforming the low-pass filtered signals using a Fourier transform to convert the low-pass filtered signals to the instantaneous frequency domain;

applying the Fourier transformed signals a non-inverting input port of an error detector;

applying a plurality of reference signals to an inverting input port of the error detector;

wherein the plurality of reference signals represent a respective plurality of magnetic anomalies;

comparing the transformed signals with the plurality of reference signals to produce a plurality of signals, each of the plurality of signals representing a similarity of the associated reference signals to the transformed signals;

identifying that reference signals of said plurality of reference signals which most closely match the transformed signals; and

displaying the magnetic anomaly associated with the matching reference signals.

10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the single-axis sensor comprises a photoresponsive solid-state crystalline device with lattice imperfections, in which lattice imperfections electrons resonate at a given wavelength.

11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the photoresponsive solid-state crystalline device with lattice imperfections comprises a diamond crystal with offset nitrogen impurities.

12. A method according to claim 10, wherein said given wavelength is 532 nm.

13. A method according to claim 10, wherein the step of sensing a magnetic field further comprises producing pairs of light pulses through a semitransparent or wavelength-selective mirror which reflects light of a given wavelength toward the photoresponsive solid-state crystalline device to excite the electron states of the crystal;

wherein the second light pulse of each of said pairs of light pulses causes the crystal to emit red light that is detected by a photodetector; and

wherein the photodetector produces electrical signals proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field.

14. A method according to claim 9, wherein the step of comparing the transformed signals with the plurality of reference signals comprises comparing an amplitude vs. frequency spectrum of the transformed signals to an amplitude vs. frequency spectrum of each of the plurality of reference signals.

15. A method according to claim 14, wherein the step of comparing the transformed signals with the plurality of reference signals further comprises obtaining a set of phase differences between the transformed signals and each of the plurality of reference signals at each of a plurality of discrete frequencies.

16. A method according to claim 15, wherein the step of wherein the step of comparing the transformed signals with the plurality of reference signals further comprises obtaining an overall fit metric for each of the plurality of reference signals.

17. A method according to claim 9, wherein the step of filtering is performed using a low-pass filter.

18. A method according to claim 9, wherein the sampling device is a sample-and-hold sampling device.

19. A method according to claim 9, further comprising an alarm to alert an operator to the presence of the displayed magnetic anomaly.

20. A method according to claim 9, wherein the displayed magnetic anomaly represents the detection or identification of a submarine.