Obtaining sensing results indicating time variation

• US 8,153,949 B2
• Filed: 12/18/2008
• Issued: 04/10/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 12/18/2008
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Xerox Corporation (Xerox Holdings Corp.)
• Original Assignee: Palo Alto Research Center, Inc. (Xerox Holdings Corp.)
• Inventors: Kiesel, Peter, Martini, Joerg, Bassler, Michael, Beck, Markus, Johnson, Noble M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Epps, Georgia Y
• Assistant Examiner(s): WILLIAMS, DON J
• Application Number:
  US12/337,737
• Publication Number:
  US 20100155577A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,209 Days
• Field of Search: 250/231.1, 250/231.16, 250/223.B, 250/223.R, 250/288, 250/343, 250/364, 250/373, 250/564, 250/428, 250/432.R, 250/437, 250/432, 250/458.1, 250/208.1, 250/214.R, 250/231.18, 250/459.1, 250/208.2, 250/573, 341/8, 341/9, 341/13, 341/14, 341/133, 356/73, 356/318, 356/343, 356/410, 356/419, 356/417, 359/890, 359/238, 422/82.08, 422/82.05
• US Class Current: 250/208.2
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 15/1023 Microstructural devices for non-optical measurement
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 15/12 by observing changes in resistance or impedance across apertures when traversed by individual particles, e.g. by using the Coulter principle
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 15/1429 Signal processing
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 15/1459 the analysis being performed on a sample stream
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2015/1006 for cytology
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2015/1019 Associating Coulter-counter and optical flow cytometer [OFC]
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2015/1027 Determining speed or velocity of a particle

Abstract

In response to objects having relative motion within an encoding/sensing region relative to an encoder/sensor that, e.g., photosenses emanating light or performs impedance-based sensing, sensing results can indicate sensed time-varying waveforms with information about the objects, about their relative motion, about excitation characteristics, about environmental characteristics, and so forth. An encoder/sensor can include, for example, a non-periodic arrangement of sensing elements; a longitudinal sequence of sensing elements with a combined sensing pattern that approximates a superposition or scaled superposition of simpler sensing patterns; and/or IC-implemented sensing elements that include photosensing arrays on ICs and readout/combine circuitry that reads out photosensed quantities from cells in groups in accordance with cell-group sensing patterns and combines the readout photosensed quantities to obtain the sensing results. Objects can move fluidically as in flow cytometry, through scanning movement as in document scanning, or in other ways.

Claims

1. An article comprising:

an encoding/sensing component that includes one or more sensing elements, the encoding/sensing component obtaining sensing results from objects in a respective encoding/sensing region relative to the encoding/sensing component; and

a relative motion component that, in operation, causes respective relative motion of each of a subset of the objects;

each of the objects in the subset having respective relative motion within the encoding/sensing region;

in response to the respective relative motion of an object in the subset within the encoding/sensing region, the sensing results indicating one or more time-varying waveforms;

the encoding/sensing component including at least one of;

a non-periodic arrangement of sensing elements that, in operation, perform photosensing or impedance-based sensing and obtain sensing results that indicate a non-periodic time-varying waveform with time variation in accordance with the non-periodic arrangement;

a longitudinal sequence of sensing elements, the longitudinal sequence having a combined sensing pattern that is approximately equal to a superposition or scaled superposition of a set of two or more simpler sensing patterns so that the sensing elements in the longitudinal sequence, in operation, perform photosensing or impedance-based sensing and obtain sensing results that indicate a superposition time-varying waveform with time variation in accordance with all of the simpler sensing patterns in the set; and

one or more IC-implemented sensing elements, each IC-implemented sensing element including;

one or more arrays, each on a respective IC;

each array including photosensing cells; and

readout/combine circuitry that reads out photosensed quantities from a set of the photosensing cells in groups in accordance with one or more cell-group sensing patterns and combines the readout photosensed quantities to obtain sensing results indicating one or more time-varying waveforms with time variation in accordance with the cell-group sensing patterns.

2. The article of claim 1 in which the objects emanate light, each sensing element being a photosensor.

3. The article of claim 1 in which the encoding/sensing component includes the non-periodic arrangement of sensing elements, the non-periodic arrangement including at least one of:

a random pattern; and

a chirp pattern.

4. The article of claim 1 in which the encoding/sensing component includes the IC-implemented sensing elements, each array being one of:

an array with CCO-type readout circuitry; and

an array with CMOS-type readout circuitry;

the readout/combine circuitry including at least one of;

circuitry on an IC that includes at least one of the arrays;

circuitry external to ICs that include the arrays; and

a programmed CPU.

5. The article of claim 1 in which the encoding/sensing component includes the IC-implemented sensing elements;

one of the IC-implemented sensing elements further including;

a filter arrangement through which light emanating from objects within the encoding/sensing region passes before reaching one of the arrays in the sensing element;

the array having a cell size range and the filter arrangement having a feature size range;

the cell size range and the feature size range being sufficiently separated that one of;

light emanating from an object passes through a sequence of features of the filter arrangement before reaching a cell of the array and the cell'"'"'s photosensed quantities are read out to obtain sensing results that indicate a time-varying waveform in accordance with the sequence of filter arrangement features; and

light emanating from an object passes through a feature of the filter arrangement before reaching a combination of cells of the array and the combination of cells are read out in a sensing pattern and combined to produce sensing results that indicate a time-varying waveform in accordance with the sensing pattern.

6. The article of claim 1 in which light within a range of photon energies emanates objects within the encoding/sensing region;

the encoding/sensing component including first and second photosensing elements;

each of the first and second photosensing elements photosensing emanating light in a respective subrange of the range of photon energies, the respective subranges being different;

the encoding/sensing component further including;

first and second filter arrangements, the first and second photosensing elements receiving emanating light through the first and second filter arrangements, respectively;

light in the first photosensing element'"'"'s respective subrange being transmitted by the first filter arrangement and light in the second photosensing element'"'"'s respective subrange being transmitted by the second filter arrangement.

7. The article of claim 1 in which the encoding/sensing component includes at least one of:

an IC that includes a photosensing array with CMOS-type readout circuitry;

an IC that includes a photosensing array with CCO-type readout circuitry;

an arrangement of discrete photosensors in at least one of the non-periodic arrangement and the longitudinal sequence;

an arrangement of electrodes;

a longitudinal sequence of sensing elements that vary in a random or chirped pattern;

a longitudinal sequence of sensing elements with a combined sensing pattern that is approximately equal to a superposition or scaled superposition of two simpler sensing patterns;

sensing elements with different sensing areas;

sensing elements that photosense different subranges of a range of photon energies;

sensing elements that photosense light emanating from the channel and received by the sensing elements through a filter arrangement;

sensing elements with different sensed intensity ratios;

two or more parallel, lengthwise-extending sensing elements; and

sensing elements on opposite sides of a fluidic channel.

8. The article of claim 1 in which the article is a flow cytometer, the one or more time-varying waveforms having time variation that includes information about the objects.

9. The article of claim 1, further comprising:

a processing component that, in response to the sensing results, performs operations to obtain data indicating information about at least one of;

speed of objects;

position of objects;

characteristics of objects;

types of objects;

characteristics of excitation; and

characteristics of environment.

10. A method of using encoder/sensors that include sensing elements, the method comprising:

operating an encoder/sensor that includes one or more sensing elements to obtain sensing results from an object that has relative motion within an encoding/sensing region relative to the encoder/sensor;

the sensing elements performing at least one of photosensing and impedance-based sensing;

the sensing results indicating one or more time-varying waveforms that depend on the object'"'"'s relative motion;

the act of operating the encoder/sensor including at least one of;

obtaining sensing results that indicate a non-periodic time-varying waveform, the non-periodic time-varying waveform at least approximating a time-varying waveform that would be indicated by sensing results from a non-periodic arrangement of sensing elements;

obtaining sensing results that indicate a superposition time-varying waveform, the superposition time-varying waveform at least approximating a time-varying waveform that would be indicated by sensing results from a longitudinal sequence of sensing elements, the longitudinal sequence having a combined sensing pattern that is approximately equal to a superposition or scaled superposition of a set of two or more simpler sensing patterns so that the longitudinal sequence would provide sensing results that indicate a waveform with time variation in accordance with all of the simpler sensing patterns in the set; and

with one or more arrays that include photosensing cells in the encoder/sensor, each array being on a respective IC, reading out photosensed quantities from a set of the photosensing cells in groups in accordance with one or more cell-group sensing patterns and combining the readout photosensed quantities to obtain sensing results indicating one or more time-varying waveforms in accordance with the cell-group sensing patterns.

11. The method of claim 10 in which the act of operating the encoder/sensor includes both the act of obtaining sensing results that indicate the non-periodic time-varying waveform and the act of obtaining sensing results that indicate the superposition time-varying waveform;

the non-periodic waveform and the superposition time-varying waveform being the same waveform.

12. The method of claim 10 in which the object emanates light during its relative motion within the encoding/sensing region, the act of operating the encoder/sensor further comprising:

operating the sensing elements to photosense emanating light and using photosensed quantities from the sensing elements to obtain the sensing results.

13. The method of claim 12 in which the sensing elements include the photosensing cells that are included in the one or more arrays;

the act of reading out photosensed quantities and combining the readout photosensed quantities comprising at least one of;

reading out groups in accordance with a periodic sensing pattern;

reading out groups in accordance with a non-periodic sensing pattern;

reading out groups in accordance with the combined sensing pattern that is approximately equal to a superposition or scaled superposition of a set of two or more simpler sensing patterns;

reading out groups in accordance with first and second sensing patterns that are complementary to each other;

obtaining sensing results that indicate the non-periodic time-varying waveform; and

obtaining sensing results that indicate the superposition time-varying waveform.

14. The method of claim 13 in which the arrays are CCD arrays that include lines of cells, with photosensed quantities from photosensing cells in each line capable of being read out by shifting the line;

the act of reading out photosensed quantities and combining the readout photosensed quantities comprising;

for each group, shifting a respective set of the lines to read out photosensed quantities of photosensing cells and binning the readout photosensed quantities of the lines in the group'"'"'s respective set to obtain a binned photosensed quantity for the group; and

time ordering the binned photosensed quantities for at least one sequence of the groups.

15. The method of claim 10 in which in which the act of operating the encoder/sensor includes the act of obtaining sensing results that indicate the non-periodic time-varying waveform, the non-periodic time-varying waveform being one of:

a random time-varying waveform;

a chirp time-varying waveform; and

a superposition time-varying waveform with time variation in accordance with a superposition or scaled superposition of a set of two or more sensing patterns.

16. The method of claim 10 in which in which the act of operating the encoder/sensor includes the act of obtaining sensing results that indicate the superposition time-varying waveform, the set of two or more simpler sensing patterns including at least one of:

a periodic sensing pattern;

a spectrally-dependent sensing pattern;

an intensity-dependent sensing pattern;

a random sensing pattern; and

a chirp sensing pattern.

17. An encoder/sensor that obtains sensing results from objects in an encoding/sensing region relative to the encoder/sensor, the encoder/sensor comprising:

a longitudinal sequence of sensing elements, the longitudinal sequence having a combined sensing pattern that is approximately equal to a superposition or scaled superposition of a set of two or more simpler sensing patterns so that the longitudinal sequence can perform photosensing or impedance-based sensing and obtain sensing results from objects in the encoding/sensing region in accordance with all of the simpler sensing patterns in the set; and

the combined sensing pattern being approximately equal to a superposition or scaled superposition of a periodic pattern and a non-periodic pattern.

18. The encoder/sensor of claim 17 in which the encoder/sensor is an impedance-based sensor and the longitudinal sequence is a sequence of electrodes.

19. The encoder/sensor of claim 17 in which the set of two or more simpler sensing patterns includes at least one of:

one or more periodic patterns;

one or more random patterns;

one or more chirp patterns;

one or more periodic patterns and one or more non-periodic patterns; and

two or more non-periodic patterns.

20. The encoder/sensor of claim 19 in which each of the patterns in the set of two or more simpler sensing patterns is one of:

a periodic pattern;

a random pattern; and

a chirp pattern.

21. A system comprising:

a sensing element arrangement that obtains sensing results from objects in a respective sensing region relative to the sensing element arrangement;

each of a subset of the objects having respective relative motion within the sensing region;

in response to the respective relative motion of an object in the subset within the sensing region, the sensing results indicating one or more sensed time-varying waveforms; and

a processing component that receives the sensing results and, in response, provides data indicating the information resulting from the respective relative motion of at least one object in the subset;

the sensing element arrangement including at least one of;

a non-periodic arrangement of sensing elements that, in operation, perform photosensing or impedance-based sensing and obtain sensing results that indicate a non-periodic sensed time-varying waveform;

a longitudinal sequence of sensing elements that, in operation, perform photosensing or impedance-based sensing, the longitudinal sequence having a combined sensing pattern that is approximately equal to a superposition or scaled superposition of a set of two or more simpler sensing patterns so that the sensing elements in the longitudinal sequence, in operation, obtain sensing results that indicate a sensed waveform with time variation in accordance with all of the simpler sensing patterns in the set; and

one or more IC-implemented sensing elements, each including;

one or more arrays, each on a respective IC;

each array including photosensing cells; and

readout/combine circuitry that reads out photosensed quantities from a set of the photosensing cells in groups in accordance with one or more cell-group sensing patterns and combines the readout photosensed quantities to obtain sensing results indicating one or more sensed time-varying waveforms with time variation in accordance with the cell-group sensing patterns.

22. The system of claim 21 in which the sensing element arrangement includes the IC-implemented sensing elements, each array being one of:

a CCO array; and

a CMOS array.

23. The system of claim 22 in which the arrays include one or more CCO arrays, each including lines of cells, with photosensed quantities of photosensing cells in each line capable of being read out by shifting the line;

the processing component, in operation;

for each group, providing signals that cause shifting of a respective set of the lines to read out photosensed quantities of photosensing cells and binning of the readout photosensed quantities of the lines in the group'"'"'s respective set to obtain a binned photosensed quantity for the group; and

time ordering the binned photosensed quantities for at least one sequence of the groups.

24. The system of claim 21 in which the processing component includes at least one of:

circuitry on an IC that includes at least one of the arrays;

circuitry external to ICs that include the arrays; and

a programmed CPU.

25. The system of claim 21 in which the processing component is programmed to:

perform a comparing operation on a set of time-varying waveforms to obtain comparison results, at least one of the set being a sensed time-varying waveform; and

use the comparison results to obtain data indicating at least one spectral difference between the time-varying waveforms in the set.

26. The system of claim 21 in which the objects are biological cells or viruses and the system is a flow cytometer.