Power extractor with control loop

• US 8,212,399 B2
• Filed: 07/07/2007
• Issued: 07/03/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 11/27/2006
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apparent Labs LLC, Rim Tec, Inc. (Kyriba Corp.)
• Original Assignee: Xslent Energy Technologies, LLC
• Inventors: Besser, David A., Matan, Stefan
• Primary Examiner(s): Amrany, Adi
• Application Number:
  US11/774,563
• Publication Number:
  US 20080191560A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,823 Days
• Field of Search: 307/18, 307/52
• US Class Current: 307/52
• CPC Class Codes: G05F 1/67 to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/20 The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/24 of photovoltaic origin
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/28 The renewable source being wind energy
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/381 Dispersed generators
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/46 Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/0068 Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply H02J7/0013 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/35 with light sensitive cells
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 3/158 including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/56 Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/76 Power conversion electric or electronic aspects

Abstract

In some embodiments, a power extractor'"'"'s control loop detects changes in power and controls the duty cycle of the switching circuitry in response to the detected changes in power, thereby controlling the power transfer. The control loop may include a signal generator to control the duty cycle, and the frequency of the generated signal may be changed to optimize the energy transfer efficiency. The switching circuitry may control the rate at which circuits store and release the energy in response to the control signal and thereby seek to obtain a rate of storage and release that results in no detected changes in power. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:

a first node to supply power, the first node having an associated first operating impedance;

a second node to receive power and coupled to a load, the second node having an associated second operating impedance; and

a power extractor including;

switching circuitry responsive to a duty cycle;

a control loop to control the duty cycle of the switching circuitry, wherein the control loop includes detection circuitry to provide switching control signals to the control loop, the control loop to control the switching circuitry in response to the switching control signals, the detection circuitry to continuously detect power changes and power levels at the first node, voltage levels of the first node and the second node, and an amount of current the second node is capable of drawing, the detection circuitry to further determine whether the second node is capable of receiving more power than the power level of the first node based, at least in part, on the detected power changes and power levels at the first node, the voltage levels of the second node, and the amount of current the second node is capable of drawing; and

power transfer circuitry, including a first power storage circuitry coupled to the first node and a second power storage circuitry coupled to the second node, to transfer power unregulated with respect to the load from the first node to the second node under control of the switching circuitry,

wherein the control loop is responsive to the detection circuitry, and further wherein the first power storage circuitry and the second power storage circuitry are each modulated in relation to both the first operating impedance of the first node to supply power and the second operating impedance of the second node to receive power responsive to the switching circuitry and based, at least in part, on the detected power changes and power levels at the first node, the voltage levels of the second node, and the amount of current the second node is capable of drawing such that a current of the unregulated power to be transferred to the second node is decreased in response to detecting one of a decrease in both the power level and voltage level at the first node and an increase in both the power level and voltage level at the first node, wherein impedances of the first power storage circuitry and the second power storage circuitry are separately controlled to not match the first and second operating impedances, respectively.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control loop further includes comparison circuitry to compare the switching control signal with a reference voltage and to provide a switching signal to control the duty cycle of the switching circuitry in response thereto.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detection circuitry includes power slope detection circuitry to detect a power slope of the power changes.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the power slope detection circuitry is to detect an instantaneous power slope.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control loop controls a frequency of the switching circuitry and the frequency influences efficiency of the power transfer circuitry.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power extractor is a switching converter.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first node is coupled to a power source, and the power source is part of the apparatus.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first node is coupled to a power source, and the power source is outside the apparatus.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a first connector and a first additional node between the first node and the power extractor, and a second connector and a second additional node between the second node and a load coupled to the second node.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at times the power extractor operates in a protective mode in which the power transfer is regulated in response to at least one detected limiting condition.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein under some conditions, the regulation involves preventing the power transfer altogether and under other conditions, the regulation involves reducing the power transfer below an otherwise available amount.

12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the control loop includes a processor that generates a bias signal, and wherein when the power extractor operates in the protective mode, the magnitude of the power transferred is at least partially dependent on a value of the bias signal.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control loop includes a processor that generates a bias signal, and wherein the magnitude of the power transferred is partially dependent on a value of the bias signal.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the power transfer circuitry includes a first energy transfer circuit connected to the first node to continuously transfer energy, a second energy transfer circuit connected to the second node to continuously transfer energy, and an intermediate energy transfer circuit connected between the first and second energy transfer circuits to discontinuously transfer energy between the first and second energy transfer circuits.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the switching circuitry is to modulate voltages at a third node between the first and intermediate energy transfer circuits, and at a fourth node between the intermediate and second energy transfer circuits.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the switching circuitry, control loop, and power transfer circuitry are supported by a printed circuit board that is enclosed in a housing.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first power storage circuitry is modulated so that an impedance of the first power storage circuitry matches the first operating impedance and the second power storage circuitry is modulated so that an impedance of the second power storage circuitry does not match the second operating impedance in response to determining that the second node is capable of receiving more power than the power level of the first node, and further wherein the first power storage circuitry is modulated so that an impedance of the first power storage circuitry does not match the first operating impedance and the second power storage circuitry is modulated so that the impedance of the second power storage circuitry matches the second operating impedance in response to determining that the second node is capable of receiving less power than the power level of the first node.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the second node to receive less than a maximum power available from the first node in response to determining that the amount of power the second node is capable of receiving differs from the power level of the first node.

19. A system comprising:

a source;

a load;

a first node to receive power from the source, the first node having an associated first operating impedance;

a second node to supply power to the load, the second node having an associated second operating impedance; and

a power extractor including;

switching circuitry responsive to a duty cycle;

a control loop to control the duty cycle of the switching circuitry, wherein the control loop includes detection circuitry to provide switching control signals to the control loop, the control loop to control the switching circuitry in response to the switching control signals, the detection circuitry to continuously detect power changes and power levels at the first node, a voltage level of the first node and the second node, and an amount of current the second node is capable of drawing, the detection circuitry to further determine whether the second node is capable of receiving more power than the power level of the first node based, at least in part, on the detected power changes and power levels at the first node, the voltage levels of the second node, and the amount of current the second node is capable of drawing; and

power transfer circuitry, including a first power storage circuitry coupled to the first node and a second power storage circuitry coupled to the second node, to transfer power unregulated with respect to the load from the first node to the second node based on the duty cycle of the switching circuitry, wherein the control loop adjusts the power transfer efficiency of the power transfer circuitry given conditions beyond the control of the power extractor and is responsive to detection circuitry, and further wherein the first power storage circuitry and the second power storage circuitry are each modulated, in relation to both the first operating impedance and the second operating impedance, responsive to the switching circuitry and based, at least in part, on the detected power changes and power levels at the first node, the voltage levels of the second node, and the amount of current the second node is capable of drawing such that a current of the unregulated power to be transferred to the second node is decreased in response to detecting one of a decrease in both the power level and voltage level at the first node and an increase in both the power level and voltage level at the first node, wherein impedances of the first power storage circuitry and the second power storage circuitry are separately controlled to not match the first and second operating impedances, respectively.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the control loop further includes comparison circuitry to compare the switching control signal with a reference voltage and to provide a switching signal to control the duty cycle of the switching circuitry in response thereto.

21. The system of claim 19, wherein the detection circuitry includes power slope detection circuitry to detect a power slope of the power changes.

22. The system of claim 21, wherein the power slope detection circuitry is to detect an instantaneous power slope.

23. The system of claim 19, wherein the first power storage circuitry is modulated so that an impedance of the first power storage circuitry matches the first operating impedance and the second power storage circuitry is modulated so that an impedance of the second power storage circuitry does not match the second operating impedance in response to determining that the second node is capable of receiving more power than the power level of the first node, and further wherein the first power storage circuitry is modulated so that an impedance of the first power storage circuitry does not match the first operating impedance and the second power storage circuitry is modulated so that the impedance of the second power storage circuitry matches the second operating impedance in response to determining that the second node is capable of receiving less power than the power level of the first node.

24. The system of claim 23, wherein the second node to receive less than a maximum power available from the first node in response to determining that the amount of power the second node is capable of receiving differs from the power level of the first node.