Apparatus and method for controlling a power inverter

• US 8,279,649 B2
• Filed: 10/11/2010
• Issued: 10/02/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 10/11/2010
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Enphase Energy Incorporated
• Original Assignee: Solarbridge Technologies Incorporated (Totalenergies Se)
• Inventors: Esram, Trishan, Gray, Alexander, Martina, Eric, Chapman, Patrick L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Riley, Shawn
• Application Number:
  US12/902,083
• Publication Number:
  US 20120087165A1
• Time in Patent Office: 722 Days
• Field of Search: 363/95, 363/132, 363/17, 700/286, 700/291, 700/298
• US Class Current: 363/132
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/24 of photovoltaic origin
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/26 involving maximum power point tracking control for photovoltaic sources maximum power point systems in particular G05F1/67
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/381 Dispersed generators
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/44 with means for ensuring correct phase sequence
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 7/4807 having a high frequency intermediate AC stage
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/56 Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Abstract

An apparatus and method for controlling a DC-to-AC inverter is disclosed. The DC-to-AC inverter may be configured to convert DC power received from an alternative energy source to AC power for supplying an AC grid or load. The inverter may determine whether the power presently supplied by the alternative energy source is less than a predetermined amount of power and, if so, disable an output converter of the inverter. Additionally, the inverter may predict the voltage of a DC bus of the inverter at a future point in time and, if the predicted DC bus voltage is greater than a predetermined maximum DC bus voltage, enable the output converter to transfer energy from the DC bus to the AC grid to reduce the DC bus voltage.

Claims

1. A method for controlling an inverter configured to deliver power from a direct current (DC) alternative energy source to an alternating current (AC) grid at a grid voltage and a grid phase, the inverter including an input converter coupled to an output converter via a DC bus, the method comprising:

determining a first amount of power being supplied by the DC alternative energy source; and

in response to the first amount of power being less than a predetermined amount of power;

(i) disabling the output converter of the inverter,

(ii) in response to the AC grid voltage crossing zero volts, determining an estimated DC bus voltage for a future zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage and determining minimum DC bus voltage, and

(iii) in response to the estimated DC bus voltage being greater than a predetermined maximum DC bus voltage, enabling the output converter of the inverter to transfer energy from the DC bus to the AC grid such that the DC bus voltage is reduced to approximately the minimum DC bus voltage.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated DC bus voltage comprises:

in response to a rising zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage, determining an estimated DC bus voltage for the next rising zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein determining the minimum DC bus voltage comprises determining a minimum DC bus voltage in response to the rising zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated DC bus voltage comprises:

in response to a falling zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage, determining an estimated DC bus voltage for the next falling zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the estimated DC bus voltage comprises determining the estimated DC bus voltage based on the present DC bus voltage and the first amount of power.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the DC bus includes a DC bus capacitor, and

wherein determining the estimated DC bus voltage comprises determining a estimated DC bus voltage based on the present DC bus voltage, the first amount of power, a capacitance value of the DC bus capacitor, and a line frequency of the AC grid.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein determining the estimated DC bus voltage comprises determining the estimated DC bus voltage according to the following equation:

V<sub>bus—

next</sub>=[(V_bus)²+(2*P_S)/(C_bus*f_line]^1/2

wherein V<sub>bus—

next</sub> is the estimated DC bus voltage, V_bus is the present DC bus voltage, P_S is the first amount of power, C_bus is the capacitance of the DC bus capacitor, and f_line is the line frequency of the AC grid.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the minimum DC bus voltage is determined such that the minimum DC bus voltage is greater than each of (i) the AC grid voltage and (ii) the voltage of the DC alternative energy source.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the minimum DC bus voltage is determined such that the minimum DC bus voltage is greater than the maximum of (i) the AC grid voltage and (ii) the voltage of the DC alternative energy source by a predetermined voltage margin.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein determining the minimum DC bus voltage comprises determining the minimum DC bus voltage according to the following equation:

V<sub>bus—

min</sub>=max[(√

2*V<sub>line—

rms)</sub>,nV_S]+V_margin

wherein V<sub>bus—

min</sub> is the minimum DC bus voltage, V<sub>line—

rms</sub> is the root-mean-square voltage of the AC grid, n is the turn ratio of a transformer of the input converter, V_S is the voltage of the alternative energy source, and V_margin is the predetermined voltage margin.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein enabling the output converter to transfer energy from the DC bus to the AC grid comprises determining a second amount of power required to be transferred from the DC bus to the AC grid to reduce the DC bus voltage to approximately the minimum DC bus voltage.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the second amount of power comprises determining a second amount of power required to be transferred from the DC bus to the AC grid based on the present DC bus voltage and the minimum DC bus voltage.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the DC bus includes a DC bus capacitor, and

determining the second amount of power comprises determining a second amount of power required to be transferred from the DC bus to the AC grid based on the present DC bus voltage, the minimum DC bus voltage, a capacitance value of the DC bus capacitor, and a line frequency of the AC grid.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein determining the second amount of power comprises determining the second amount of power according to the following equation:

P_jog=0.5*C_bus*[(V_bus)²−

(V<sub>bus—

min</sub>)²]*f_line

wherein P_jog is the second amount of power, C_bus is the capacitance of the DC bus capacitor, V_bus is the present DC bus voltage, V<sub>bus—

min</sub> is the minimum DC bus voltage, and f_line is the line frequency of the AC grid.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein enabling the output converter of the inverter to transfer energy from the DC bus to the AC grid comprises determining an output current of the output converter based on the first amount of power and the second amount of power.

16. The method of claim 1, further comprising enabling the output converter in response to the first amount of power being greater than the predetermined amount of power.

17. An inverter to deliver power from a direct current (DC) alternative energy source to an alternating current (AC) grid at a grid voltage and a grid phase, the inverter comprising:

an input converter eclectically coupled to the DC alternative energy source;

an output converter electrically coupled to the AC grid;

a DC bus coupled to the input converter and the output converter; and

a control circuit electrically coupled to the input converter and the output converter, the control circuit to;

determine a first amount of power being supplied by the DC alternative energy source; and

in response to the first amount of power being less than a predetermined amount of power;

(i) disable the output converter,

(ii) in response to the AC grid voltage crossing zero volts, determine an estimated DC bus voltage for a future zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage and determine minimum DC bus voltage, and

(iii) in response to the estimated DC bus voltage being greater than a predetermined maximum DC bus voltage, enable the output converter of the inverter to transfer energy from the DC bus to the AC grid such that the DC bus voltage is reduced to approximately the minimum DC bus voltage.

18. The inverter of claim 17, wherein to determine the estimated DC bus voltage comprises:

in response to a rising zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage, determine an estimated DC bus voltage for the next rising zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage.

19. The inverter of claim 17, wherein to determine the estimated DC bus voltage comprises:

in response to a falling zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage, determine an estimated DC bus voltage for the next falling zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage.

20. The inverter of claim 17, wherein the DC bus includes a DC bus capacitor, and

wherein to determine the estimated DC bus voltage comprises to determine a estimated DC bus voltage based on the present DC bus voltage, the first amount of power, a capacitance value of the DC bus capacitor, and a line frequency of the AC grid.

21. The inverter of claim 20, wherein to determine the estimated DC bus voltage comprises to determine the estimated DC bus voltage according to the following equation:

V<sub>bus—

next</sub>=[(V_bus)²+(2*P_S)/(C_bus*f_line]^1/2

wherein V<sub>bus—

next</sub> is the estimated DC bus voltage, V_bus is the present DC bus voltage, P_S is the first amount of power, C_bus is the capacitance of the DC bus capacitor, and f_iine is the line frequency of the AC grid.

22. The inverter of claim 17, wherein the minimum DC bus voltage is determined such that the minimum DC bus voltage is greater than the maximum of (i) the AC grid voltage and (ii) the voltage of the DC alternative energy source by a predetermined voltage margin.

23. The inverter of claim 22, wherein to determine the minimum DC bus voltage comprises to determine the minimum DC bus voltage according to the following equation:

V<sub>bus—

min</sub>=max[(√

2*V<sub>line—

rms)</sub>,nV_S]+V_margin

wherein V<sub>bus—

min</sub> is the minimum DC bus voltage, V<sub>line—

rms</sub> is the root-mean-square voltage of the AC grid, n is the turn ratio of a transformer of the input converter, V_S is the voltage of the alternative energy source, and V_margin is the predetermined voltage margin.

24. The inverter of claim 17, wherein to enable the output converter to transfer energy from the DC bus to the AC grid comprises to determine a second amount of power required to be transferred from the DC bus to the AC grid to reduce the DC bus voltage to approximately the minimum DC bus voltage.

25. The inverter of claim 24, wherein the DC bus includes a DC bus capacitor, and

to determine the second amount of power comprises to determine a second amount of power required to be transferred from the DC bus to the AC grid based on the present DC bus voltage, the minimum DC bus voltage, a capacitance value of the DC bus capacitor, and a line frequency of the AC grid.

26. The inverter of claim 25, wherein to determine the second amount of power comprises to determine the second amount of power according to the following equation:

P_jog=0.5*C_bus*[(V_bus)²−

(V<sub>bus—

min</sub>)²]*f_line

wherein P_jog is the second amount of power, C_bus is the capacitance of the DC bus capacitor, V_bus is the present DC bus voltage, V<sub>bus—

min</sub> is the minimum DC bus voltage, and f_line is the line frequency of the AC grid.

27. The inverter of claim 24, wherein to enable the output converter of the inverter to transfer energy from the DC bus to the AC grid comprises to determine an output current of the output converter based on the first amount of power and the second amount of power.

28. An apparatus comprising:

a solar panel comprising a solar cell configured to generate a first direct current (DC) waveform in response to receiving an amount of sunlight;

an inverter coupled to the solar cell panel and configured to receive the first DC waveform and convert the first DC waveform to an output alternating current (AC) waveform supplied to an AC grid, the inverter comprising;

an input converter electrically coupled the solar cell and a DC bus, the input converter configured to convert the first DC waveform to a second DC waveform supplied to the DC bus;

an output converter electrically coupled to the DC bus and configured to convert the second DC waveform to the output AC waveform at an AC grid voltage and frequency; and

a control circuit electrically coupled to the input converter and the output converter, the control circuit to;

determine a first amount of power being supplied by the DC alternative energy source; and

in response to the first amount of power being less than a predetermined amount of power;

(i) disable the output converter,

(ii) in response to the AC grid voltage crossing zero volts, determine an estimated DC bus voltage for a future zero-crossing of the AC grid voltage and determine minimum DC bus voltage, and

(iii) in response to the estimated DC bus voltage being greater than a predetermined maximum DC bus voltage, enable the output converter of the inverter to transfer energy from the DC bus to the AC grid such that the DC bus voltage is reduced to approximately the minimum DC bus voltage.