Method and composition for improving fuel combustion

• US 8,287,607 B2
• Filed: 02/04/2009
• Issued: 10/16/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 11/09/2001
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Carroll & Associates, LLC
• Original Assignee: Michael Carroll, Noel Carroll, Robert Wilfred Carroll, William F. Carroll
• Inventors: Carroll, Robert Wilfred, Carroll, Noel, Carroll, William F., Carroll, Michael
• Primary Examiner(s): Toomer, Cephia D
• Application Number:
  US12/365,267
• Publication Number:
  US 20090282730A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,350 Days
• Field of Search: 44354-368, 444/57
• US Class Current: 44/354
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 13/0026 containing a liquid organic phase
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/10 containing additives
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1208 elements
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1225 halogen containing compounds
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1233 oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1241 metal carbonyls
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/125 water
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1258 hydrogen peroxide, oxygenated water
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1266 nitrogen containing compounds, (e.g. NH3)
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1275 sulfur, tellurium, selenium containing compounds
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1608 Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1814 Chelates
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1824 mono-hydroxy
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1826 poly-hydroxy
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1852 Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/1857 Aldehydes; Ketones
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/207 containing halogen with or without hydrogen
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/2608 containing a phosphorus-carbon bond
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/301 derived from metals
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 1/305 organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond)
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 10/00 : Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes additives for liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by their chemical nature C10L1/10; using binders for briquetting solid fuels C10L5/10; using additives to improve the combustion of solid fuels C10L9/10
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 10/02 : for reducing smoke development
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 10/04 : for minimising corrosion or incrustation
• CPC Class Codes: C10L 3/003 : Additives for gaseous fuels

Abstract

A method of improving the combustion of a fuel by adding a catalyst or combustion enhancer at an extremely low concentration, preferably in the range of 1 part catalyst per 200 million parts fuel to 1 part catalyst per 6 trillion parts fuel. The catalyst or combustion enhancer may be selected from a wide range of soluble compounds. The method may comprise the steps of an initial mixing of the catalyst or enhancer with a suitable solvent and then subsequent dilution steps using solvents or fuel. Suitable solvents include water, MTBE, methylketone, methyisobutylketone, butanol, isopropyl alcohol and other hydrophilic/oleophilic compounds.

Claims

1. A composition of fuel and at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer wherein the combustion catalyst or enhancer is present in a concentration of between less than 1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancer per 20 billion parts of fuel and greater than or equal to 1 part by weight per 12 trillion parts of fuel.

2. The composition of fuel and at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer of claim 1 wherein the combustion catalyst or enhancer is present in a concentration of between less than 1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancer per 20 billion parts of fuel and greater than or equal to 1 part by weight per 6 trillion parts of fuel.

3. The composition of fuel and at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer of claim 1 wherein the combustion catalyst or enhancer is present in a concentration of between around 1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancer per 100 billion parts of fuel and around 1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancer per 6 trillion parts of fuel.

4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer is present in a concentration of between 1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancer to 100 billion parts of fuel and around 1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancer to 6 trillion parts of fuel.

5. The composition of claim 1 wherein at least one of the combustion catalysts or enhancers are selected from the group consisting of ruthenium (IV) oxide, ruthenium (III) chloride, ruthenium (III) chloride trihydrate, ruthenium (III) bromide and its hydrates, ammonium aquopentachlororuthenium (III) (NH₄)₂RuCl₅.H₂O, potassium ruthenium (VI) oxide, rhodium (III) oxide, rhodium (III) chloride and its hydrates, rhodium (III) nitrate and its hydrates, iridium (III) chloride, iridium (III) oxide, iridium (IV) oxide, hydrogen hexachloroiridium (IV) and its hydrates, ammonium hexachloroiridium (IV) and its hydrates, osmium tetroxide, osmium (III) chloride, platinum black, platinum (IV) oxide and its hydrates, platinum (II) chloride, platinum (IV) chloride, Polyvinylchloride, hydrogen hexachloroplatinum (IV) hydrate, hydrogen hexahydroxoplatinum (IV), tetraamineplatinum (II) chloride monohydrate, dinitritodiamineplatinum (II), dihydrogen sulphatodinitrito platinum (II), tetraamineplatinum (II) dinitrate, palladium (II) chloride, palladium (II) oxide, palladium (II) nitratedihydrate, ammonium hexachloropalladium (IV), tetraaminepalladium (II) nitrate, potassium tetracyanopalladium (II) trihydrate, potassium perrhenate, rhenium (III) chloride, tris (acetyl acetonate) rhenium (III), cis-Dichloro(2,2′

-bipyridine)platinum (II) PtCl₂ (C₁₀H₈N₂) , dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II) PtCl₂(C₈H₁₂) , 2-hydroxyethanethiolato(2,2′

,2″

-terpyridine)platinum (II) nitrate [Pt(C₂H₅OS)(C₁₅H₁₁N₃)]NO₃, tricarbonylchloroiridium (I), [IrCl(CO)₃]_n, chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium (I) dimer [IrCl(C₈H₁₂)]₂, trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)iridium (III) chloride trans-[IrCl₂(C₂H₈N₂)₂]Cl, rhodium (II) octanoate dimer Rh₂[O₂C(CH₂)₆CH₃]₄, acetylacetonato(1,5-cyclooctadiene) rhodium (I) Rh(C₈H₁₂)(C₅H₇O₂), acetylacetonato(norbornadiene) rhodium (I) Rh(C₇H₈)(C₅H₇O₂), hydridotetrakis(triphenylphosphine) rhodium (I) RhH(PPh₃)₄, diacetatobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) (CH₃CO₂)₂Pd(PPh₃)₂, Bis(dibenzylideneacetone) palladium (0) Pd(C₁₇H₁₄O)₂, Dichloro[1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]palladium (II) PdCl₂(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂), Palladium (II) trifluoracetate Pd (CF₃CO₂)₂, Acetatohydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) RuH(OCOCH₃)(PPh₃)₃, Bis(benzene)dichlorodi-.mu.-chlorodiruthenium (II) [RuCl₂(C₆H₆)₂]₂, Tris(2,2′

-bipyridine)ruthenium (0) (C₁₀H₈N₂)₃Ru, Carbonyldihydridotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II) RuH₂(CO)(PPh₃)₃, Bis(cyclopentadienyl)ruthenium (II) “

Ruthenocene”

(C₅H₅)₂Ru, Dihydridotetrakis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II) RuH₂(PPh₃)₄, Ruthenium(III)hexafluoroacetylacetonate Ru(CF₃COCHCOCF₃)₃, Ammonium nitrate, Dichloroethylenediamineplatinum (II) [Pt(C₂H₈N₂)Cl₂], Bis(acetylacetonato)platinum (II) [Pt(C₅H₇O₂)₂], Dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)platinum (II) [PtCl₂(PPh₃)₂], Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum (0) [Pt(PPh₃)₄], Bis(acetylacetonato)palladium (II) [Pd(C₅H₇O₂)₂], Dichloro(cycloocta-1,5-diene)palladium (II) [Pd(C₈H₁₂)Cl₂], Chloro(.pi.-allyl)palladium (II) dimer [Pd(.pi.-C₃H₅)Cl]₂, Palladium (II) acetate trimer [Pd(CH₃CO₂)₂]—

₃, Tris(acetylacetonato)ruthenium (III) [Ru(C₅H₇O₂)₃], Hydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I) [Rh(H)(CO)(PPh₃)₃], Acetylacetonatodicarbonylrhodium (I) [Rh(CO)₂(C₅H₇O₂)], Tris(acetylacetonato)rhodium (III) [Rh(C₅H₇O₂)₃], Bromotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I) [RhBr(PPh₃)₃], Rhodium (II) acetate dimer [Rh₂(CO₂CH₃)₄], Tris(acetylacetonato)iridium (III) [Ir(C₅H₇O₂)₃], Dodecacarbonyltriosmium (O) Os₃(CO)₁₂.

6. The composition of claim 1 wherein at least one of the combustion catalysts or enhancers are selected from the group consisting of Palladium (II) Chloride or the bromide, iodide, nitrate hydrate, oxide, sulfate hydrate and hydroxide;

Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0);

Dichloro(1,1-bisdiphenylphosphino)ferrocenepalladium (II);

Allylpalladium (II) Chloride Dimer;

trans-Dichlorobis(acetonitrile)palladium (II);

trans-Dichlorobis(benzonitrile)palladium (II);

trans-Dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II);

trans-Acetato(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II);

Dichloro(norbornadiene)palladium (II);

2,4ñ

Pentanedionate Palladium (II);

Platinum (II) Chloride;

Platinum (IV) Chloride, or bromide, iodide and sulfide salts;

Platinum (IV) Oxide Hydrate (Adamsí

Catalyst);

2,4ñ

Pentanedionate Platinum (II);

Dibromo(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II);

Diiodo(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II);

Diphenyl(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum (II);

Dichlorobis(acetonitrile)platinum (II);

Dichlorobis(benzonitrile)platinum (II);

Dichloro(norbornadiene)platinum (II);

Dihydrogen Hexachloroplatinum (IV);

Rhodium (III) Chloride Hydrate;

Rhodium (III) Iodide, or oxide, sulfate or bromide salts;

2,4-Pentanedionate Rhodium (III);

Dicarbonyl 2,4-Pentanedionate Rhodium (I);

Chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I);

Bromocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I);

Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)rhodium (I);

Chloro(norbornanediene)rhodium (I) Dimer;

Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium (I) tetrafluoroborate;

Ruthenium (III) Chloride Hydrate, or the oxide, bromide, iodide and amine salts;

Dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II);

Dichlorotricarbonylruthenium (II) Dimer;

2,4-Pentanedionate Ruthenium (III);

Dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium (III) Oligomer;

Dicarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (II);

Tri-ruthenium (0) Dodecacarbonyl;

Ruthenium Nitrosylnitrate;

Iridium (IV) Chloride Hydrate, iridium (III) chloride, oxide, hydroxide, bromide, sulfate or iodide salts;

2,4-Pentanedionate Iridium (III);

2,4-Pentanedionate Dicarbonyliridium (I);

Chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)iridium (I);

Hydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)iridium (I);

Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium (I) tetrafluoroborate;

Osmium (VIII) Oxide.

7. The composition of claim 1 wherein at least one of the combustion catalysts or enhancers are selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, sulfate, nitrate salts and hydrates in soluble form of the following metals:

Lanthanum, Cerium, Praeseodymium, Neodymium, Promethium, Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, Ytterbium, Lutetium.

8. The composition of claim 1 wherein at least one of the combustion catalysts or enhancers are selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, bromide, sulfate or nitrate salts or hydrates of the following elements:

Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, Iron, Copper, Molybdenum, Vanadium, Zirconium, Chromium, Aluminium, Thorium, Cadmium, Tin, Tantalum, Titanium and Carbon.

9. The composition of claim 1 wherein at least one of the combustion catalysts or enhancers comprise a noble element or compound thereof.

10. The composition of claim 1 wherein at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer is one or more of potassium hexachloroplatinate (IV) and hydrogen hexachloroplatinate (IV).

11. The composition of claim 1 wherein at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer is one of polyvinylchloride and/or ammonium nitrate.

12. The composition of claim 1 further comprising one or more of isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, MTBE, methylethylketone and methylisobutylketone.

13. A method of making a composition of claim 1, said method comprising the steps of:

mixing at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer with water or other solvent to form a first premix;

mixing the first premix with a hydrophilic/oleophilic organic compound to form a second premix;

mixing the second premix with the fuel or a medium compatible with the fuel to form a third premix; and

mixing the third premix with liquid fuel to provide a concentration of between 1 part by weight of at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer per 20 billion parts of fuel and greater than or equal to 1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancer per 12 trillion parts of fuel.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein one or more of the steps may be further divided into separate substeps.

15. The method of claims 13 wherein mixing is performed using electric agitation means.

16. The method of claim 13 wherein the other solvent is one or more of isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, MTBE, methylethylketone and methylisobutylketone.

17. The method of claim 13 wherein the hydrophilic/oleophilic compound is one or more of isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, MTBE, methylethylketone and methylisobutylketone.

18. The method of claim 13 wherein the medium compatible with fuel is one or more of isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, MTBE, methylethylketone and methylisobutylketone.

19. The composition of fuel and at least one combustion catalyst or enhancer of claim 1 wherein the combustion catalyst or enhancer is present in an amount of between less than 1 part by weight of combustion catalyst or enhancer per 50 billion parts of fuel and greater than or equal to 1 part by weight per 12 trillion parts of fuel.