Three dimensional RF signatures

• US 8,330,601 B2
• Filed: 09/22/2006
• Issued: 12/11/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 09/22/2006
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Inventors: Ashwood Smith, Peter, Montuno, Delfin Y., Dasylva, Abel
• Primary Examiner(s): Mehmood, Jennifer
• Assistant Examiner(s): WILSON, BRIAN P
• Application Number:
  US11/525,298
• Publication Number:
  US 20080074270A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,272 Days
• Field of Search: None
• US Class Current: 340/572.1
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 13/758 using a signal generator powered by the interrogation signal
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 5/0247 Determining attitude
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/07749 the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/07767 the first and second communication means being two different antennas types, e.g. dipole and coil type, or two antennas of the same kind but operating at different frequencies
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 7/10079 the collision being resolved in the spatial domain, e.g. temporary shields for blindfolding the interrogator in specific directions
• CPC Class Codes: G08B 13/2428 Tag details

Abstract

Three dimensional RF tag signatures may be obtained from a three dimensional RF tag or multiple two or three dimensional RF tags so that information in addition to presence information may be obtained. In one embodiment, a three dimensional RF tag having two or more power coils disposed in non-coplanar planes enables the coils to experience different levels of excitation from an electromagnetic field. This information may be transmitted along with the RF tag response to enable the orientation of the RF tag relative to an RF tag reader to be determined. In another embodiment, multiple RF tags (either standard RF tags or three dimensional RF tags) may be used on a given article and a response signature from the article as a whole may be recorded. The three dimensional response signature thus collected may be compared with previous versions of the response signature to determine if the article has been altered.

Claims

1. A method of detecting tampering of a physical article, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a first collective response from a first set of tag response signals at a first point in time, the first collective response including a tag response signal from each RF tag of a first set of RF tags associated with the physical article;

recording the first collective response as a first response signature for the physical article;

receiving a second collective response from a second set of tag response signals at a second point in time, the second collective response including a tag response signal from each RF tag of the first set of RF tags associated with the physical article;

comparing the second collective response with the first response signature;

determining from the step of comparing whether any of the RF tags have been moved spatially relative to the other RF tags on the physical article; and

interpreting a result of the step of determining as an indication that the physical article has been tampered, when the step of determining indicates;

that a relative spacing between the RF tags associated with the physical article has changed from the first point in time to the second point in time;

or

that a relative orientation of the RF tags associated with the physical article has changed from the first point in time to the second point in time.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein each RF tag comprises:

at least two non-coplanar power coils; and

a circuit connected to the non-coplanar power coils and configured to detect at least one electrical characteristic from at least two of the non-coplanar power coils, and transmit an RF tag code and an indication of the detected electrical characteristics to an RF tag reader.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the electrical characteristic is at least one of power, current, and voltage.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the electrical characteristic is the same for each of the at least two non-coplanar power coils.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least two non-coplanar power coils comprise at least three non-coplanar power coils, at least three of which are formed on orthogonal planes.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein power from each of the non-coplanar power coils is used to provide power to the circuit.

7. The method of claim 2, wherein each of the RF tags is a passive RF tag.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of determining, from a three dimensional RF signature from the first set of RF tags, an orientation of the physical article.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first response signature is obtained by directing electromagnetic radiation toward the physical article, and wherein the first response signature depends on the orientation of the RF tags relative to the directed electromagnetic radiation.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first response signature is obtained by directing electromagnetic radiation toward the article, and wherein the first response signature depends on the placement of the RF tags on the article.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first response signature is obtained by directing electromagnetic radiation toward the article, and wherein the first response signature depends on the path of motion of the article.