Renewable energy power generation systems

• US 8,391,032 B2
• Filed: 12/02/2011
• Issued: 03/05/2013
• Est. Priority Date: 11/25/2011
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Tesla Inc.
• Original Assignee: Enecsys Limited
• Inventors: Garrity, Paul, Jungreis, Aaron Michael
• Primary Examiner(s): Tran, Nguyen
• Application Number:
  US13/310,691
• Publication Number:
  US 20120098346A1
• Time in Patent Office: 459 Days
• Field of Search: 363/34, 363/35, 363/37, 363/40, 363/71, 363/72, 363/95, 363/96, 363/97, 363/98, 363/120, 363/121
• US Class Current: 363/37
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 1/10 Parallel operation of dc sources
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00026 involving a local wireless network, e.g. Wi-Fi, ZigBee or Bluetooth
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/24 of photovoltaic origin
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/16 by adjustment of reactive power
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/18 Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks for adjustment of voltage H02J3/16
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/38 Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/381 Dispersed generators
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/46 Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/48 Controlling the sharing of the in-phase component
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/50 Controlling the sharing of the out-of-phase component
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/007 Plural converter units in cascade push-pull DC/DC converters with pre-regulator H02M3/3374; DC-AC converters following a DC-DC stage including a high frequency transformer H02M7/4807; DC-AC converters following a DC-DC conversion stage generating periodically varying voltages H02M7/4826
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/10 Arrangements incorporating converting means for enabling loads to be operated at will from different kinds of power supplies, e.g. from ac or dc
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/4208 Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 1/4225 using a non-isolated boost converter
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 5/458 using semiconductor devices only
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 7/48 using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 7/493 the static converters being arranged for operation in parallel
• CPC Class Codes: H02M 7/53871 with automatic control of output voltage or current
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/10 Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/56 Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 40/30 : Reactive power compensation
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 40/70 : Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/00 : Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 10/00 : Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 10/12 : Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 10/123 : the energy generation units being or involving renewable energy sources
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 10/22 : Flexible AC transmission systems [FACTS] or power factor or reactive power compensating or correcting units
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 40/126 : using wireless data transmission

Abstract

We describe a modular adjustable power factor renewable energy inverter system. The system comprises a plurality of inverter modules having a switched capacitor across its ac power output, a power measurement system coupled to a communication interface, and a power factor controller to control switching of the capacitor. A system controller receives power data from each inverter module, sums the net level of ac power from each inverter, determines a number of said capacitors to switch based on the sum, and sends control data to an appropriate number of the inverter modules to switch the determined number of capacitors into/out of said parallel connection across their respective ac power outputs.

Claims

1. A modular adjustable power factor renewable energy inverter system, the system comprising:

a plurality of inverter modules, each inverter module having a dc power input and an ac power output;

a common grid power feed coupled to each said inverter module ac power output; and

a system controller having a communications link to each said inverter module to receive power data from the inverter module and to send control data to the inverter module,

wherein each said inverter module further comprises;

a series combination of a capacitor and a controllable switching device connected in parallel across said ac power output of the inverter module;

a communication interface for communicating with said system controller;

a power measurement system coupled to said communication interface to measure one or more parameters relating to a net level of ac power provided by the inverter module to said common grid power feed, and to provide power data to said communication interface for transmission to said system controller, wherein the power data defines said net level of ac power provided; and

a power factor controller, coupled to said communication interface to receive control data from said system controller, and coupled to said controllable switching device to control said controllable switching device in response to said received control data to switch said capacitor into/out of parallel connection across said ac power output of said inverter module,

wherein said system controller is configured to;

receive said power data from each said inverter module;

sum the net level of ac power from each said inverter module to determine a total net level of ac power provided by said plurality of inverter modules to said common grid power feed;

determine a number of said capacitors to switch into/out of a parallel connection across their respective said ac power outputs responsive to said total net level of ac power; and

send control data to said inverter modules to switch said determined number of capacitors into/out of said parallel connections.

2. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 1, wherein said inverter system has a maximum rated ac power output from said common grid power feed, wherein said system controller is configured to determine a fraction of said maximum rated ac power output represented by said total net level of ac power provided by said plurality of inverter modules, and to determine said number of said capacitors responsive to said determined fraction.

3. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 2, wherein said system controller is configured to apply a threshold to said determined fraction such that when said determined fraction is less than a threshold fraction, none of said capacitors are switched into the parallel connection across their respective said ac power outputs.

4. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 3, wherein said system controller is configured such that as said determined fraction increases from said threshold fraction towards unity, both said determined number of capacitors and a number of said inverter modules controlled to switch in said capacitors increase monotonically.

5. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 4, wherein said monotonic increase approximates a linear increase in a displacement power factor of said inverter system.

6. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 1, wherein at least one of said power factor controllers is configured to employ phase control to switch said capacitor into/out of said parallel connection to control a proportion of an ac cycle for which the capacitor is switched in, to provide a variable degree of power factor compensation, wherein said system controller is configured to determine said proportion for an inverter module, wherein said control data includes phase control data defining said proportion for said inverter module.

7. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 1, wherein said system controller further comprises a lookup table storing power factor compensation data defining said number of capacitors to switch into/out of said parallel connection dependent on said total net level of ac power, wherein said system controller is configured to determine said control data responsive to said power factor compensation data.

8. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 1, wherein said one or more parameters measured by said power measurement system comprise a sensed current provided by an inverter module coupled to said common grid power feed.

9. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 1, wherein said system controller employs open loop control of a displacement power factor of said inverter system.

10. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 1, wherein said common grid power feed is a three phase ac power feed, wherein said inverter system comprises three sets of said inverter modules, one coupled to each phase of said three phase ac power feed, wherein said system controller is configured to separately control a power factor of each phase by receiving said power data, determining said number of capacitors, and sending said control data separately for each set of said three sets of inverter modules.

11. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 1, wherein said controllable switching device comprises a triac, wherein said power factor controller is configured to generate one or more pulses per cycle of said ac power to turn said triac on, wherein said power factor controller is configured to initially turn said triac on at a zero-crossing voltage of said ac power and later to control said triac using a single pulse or pulse train at substantially a peak voltage of said ac power.

12. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 1, wherein said power factor controller is configured to control a switching timing of each controllable switching device such that said switching device switches on at substantially a peak voltage point of said ac power.

13. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 1, wherein said communications link is an RF communications link of a wireless local area network, wherein said system controller and each of said inverter modules includes an RF local area network interface for communicating said power data and said control data over said wireless local area network.

14. The modular adjustable power factor inverter system of claim 1, wherein said renewable energy is solar power, wherein said inverter system is a solar inverter system, wherein said inverter modules are solar photovoltaic inverter modules.

15. A method of controlling power factor in a renewable energy inverter system, the inverter system comprising a plurality of inverter modules, each inverter module having a dc power input and an ac power output, wherein the ac power output of each said inverter module is coupled to a common grid power feed, each said inverter module having at least one reactive element switchable to be connected to the ac power output of the inverter module, the method comprising:

controlling a dissipation power factor of said inverter system by;

monitoring the ac power provided to said common grid power feed by said plurality of inverter module to determine a total ac power provided to said common grid power feed by said plurality of inverter modules;

determining a number of said inverter modules to control, dependent on a proportion of a maximum power output of said inverter system represented by said total ac power provided to said common grid power feed, wherein determining said number of said inverter modules to control comprises (i) setting said number to zero when said total ac power is below a threshold level proportion of said maximum power output and (ii) setting said number to increase monotonically with increasing total ac power above said threshold level proportion of said maximum power output; and

controlling said determined number of inverter modules to switch said reactive elements of the inverter modules into the respective said ac power output to control a displacement power factor of said inverter system.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising selecting one or both of a number of said inverter modules and a number of switchable capacitors in each inverter module to control said displacement power factor within a tolerance limit.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein said controlling said determined number of inverter modules to switch said reactive elements comprises controlling a proportion of a cycle of said ac power for which at least one of the reactive elements are switched into connection with said ac power output.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein said renewable energy is solar power, wherein said inverter system is a solar inverter system, wherein said inverter modules are photovoltaic inverter modules, wherein at least one of said reactive elements comprise a capacitor switchable to be connected in parallel across said ac power output of a respective inverter.