Adaptive wireless process control system and method

• US 8,396,012 B2
• Filed: 05/01/2009
• Issued: 03/12/2013
• Est. Priority Date: 05/01/2008
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Government of Saudi Arabia)
• Original Assignee: Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Government of Saudi Arabia), King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals
• Inventors: Daraiseh, Abdelghani, Landolsi, Mohamed Adnan
• Primary Examiner(s): JAIN, RAJ K
• Application Number:
  US12/990,588
• Publication Number:
  US 20110164518A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,411 Days
• Field of Search: None
• US Class Current: 370/255
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 45/121 by minimising delays
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 45/125 based on throughput or bandwidth
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 45/22 Alternate routing
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 45/24 Multipath
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 45/247 using M:N active or standby paths
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 45/28 using route fault recovery
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 45/42 Centralised routing
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 28/0247 based on conditions of the access network or the infrastructure network central resource management H04W28/16
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 40/24 Connectivity information management, e.g. connectivity discovery or connectivity update

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method and system that provides hierarchical adaptability components to a wireless process control and/or automation network that increase system efficiency and reliability. The invention comprehends an intelligent and efficient process to design and operate a wireless process control and/or automation network while utilizing minimum system resources. In certain embodiments, path requirements are specified per usage class whereby minimum utilization of bandwidth, paths and hardware is allocated, while meeting plant environment requirements for services such as closed-loop regulatory and supervisory control, open-loop control, alerting, logging and remote monitoring.

Claims

1. A method of selecting paths in a wireless process control and/or automation network, the wireless process control and/or automation network including

a tier of one or more wireless end devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data, and

either

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data and routing received data and a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices for assigning data paths, transmitting data, receiving data and routing received data, or

a tier of or one or more wireless intermediate devices or

a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices,

wherein a source-destination pair includes links between the one or more wireless end devices, and the one or more wireless intermediate devices and/or the one or more wireless gateway devices,

the method of selecting paths comprising:

a. determining possible paths between a selected source-destination pair;

b. identifying one or more reliable paths, or one or more reliable groups of paths, by comparing the reliability of each of the possible paths or groups of possible paths with a specified minimum reliability requirement;

c. identifying a potentially acceptable path by comparison of a calculated end-to-end delay for the one of the possible paths with a maximum allowable end-to-end delay, wherein a path is deemed potentially acceptable if the calculated end-to-end delay is equal to or less than the maximum allowable end-to-end delay;

d. identifying an acceptable link or set of links by comparison of a calculated tier delay for a selected link or set of links with a maximum allowable tier delay for a selected tier, wherein a link or set of links is deemed acceptable if the calculated tier delay is equal to or less than the maximum allowable tier delay for that one of the tiers; and

e. assigning the potentially acceptable path for the selected source-destination pair to a routing table if all of the links or sets of links within the one of the possible paths are identified as acceptable in step (d) and if the potentially acceptable path is identified as reliable in step (b).

2. A method of selecting paths in a wireless process control and/or automation network, the wireless process control and/or automation network including

one or more wireless end devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data, and either

one or more wireless intermediate devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data and routing received data and one or more wireless gateway devices for assigning data paths, transmitting data, receiving data and routing received data, or

one or more wireless intermediate devices or

one or more wireless gateway devices,

wherein a source-destination pair includes links between the one or more wireless end devices, and the one or more wireless intermediate devices and/or the one or more wireless gateway devices,

the method of selecting paths comprising:

a. specifying a minimum reliability requirement for a selected source-destination pair;

b. specifying a minimum number of paths between the selected source-destination pair;

c. determining possible paths between the selected source-destination pair;

d. calculating the reliability of each of the possible paths, or an effective reliability of one or more groups of possible paths;

e. identifying one or more reliable paths, or one or more reliable groups of paths, by comparing the reliability of each of the possible paths or groups of possible paths with the specified minimum reliability requirements; and

f. assigning the minimum number of paths for the selected source-destination pair to a routing table from the identified reliable paths or the identified reliable group of paths, and discarding, or assigning as alternate paths to the routing table, identified reliable paths or identified reliable groups of paths that exceed the minimum number of paths.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein:

step (a) specifies minimum reliability requirements for a plurality of selected source-destination pairs;

step (b) specifies a minimum number of paths for the plurality of selected source-destination pairs;

step (c) determines possible paths for each of the plurality of selected source-destination pairs;

step (d) calculates the reliability for each of the possible paths or a group of paths between the plurality of selected source-destination pairs;

step (e) identifies reliable paths or a group of paths for the plurality of selected source-destination pairs; and

step (f) assigns the minimum number of paths for each of the plurality of selected source-destination pairs.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein a plurality of usage classes are defined for wireless communication, step (a) specifies a set of minimum reliability requirements for each usage class, and step (b) specified a minimum number of paths for each usage class.

5. The method as in claim 4, further comprising specifying a maximum allowable delay for each usage class, and, prior to assigning in step (f), discarding any paths that exceed the maximum allowable delay for the usage class even if the determined reliability of those paths meets the specified minimum reliability requirements as determined in step (e).

6. The method as in claim 5, wherein the maximum allowable delay for each usage class is represented as ψ

(j, i, max) where j denotes a tier of wireless end devices, wireless intermediate devices or wireless gateway devices, and i denotes a usage class, and the calculated delay in tier j for a usage class i going through path x is represented as ψ

(j, i, x), and, prior to step (f), discarding paths that do not meet the condition ψ

(j, i, x)≦

ψ

(j, i, max) for all j and i in a path x even if the determined reliability of those paths meets the specified minimum reliability requirements as determined in step (e).

7. The method as in claim 5, wherein the maximum allowable delay for each usage class i is represented as ψ

(i, max) and the delay for a path x in a usage class i is represented as ψ

(i, x), and, prior to assigning in step (f), discarding paths that do not meet the condition ψ

(i, x)≦

ψ

(i, max) for all i and x even if the determined reliability of those paths meets the specified minimum reliability requirements as determined in step (e).

8. The method of claim 4, further comprising adding a usage class digit to the routing table for the source-destination pair to be utilized during the routing of a frame, whereby a frame is dropped if the usage class of the frame is greater than the usage class digit.

9. The method of claim 4, wherein routing is dynamically adjusted to allow assigned and alternative paths to pass a data frame irrespective of the usage class when a timeout occurs for that data frame.

10. The method of claim 4, wherein routing is dynamically adjusted to allow assigned and alternative paths to pass a data frame irrespective of the usage class when the data frame is identified as a retransmitted data frame.

11. The method of claim 4, wherein routing is dynamically adjusted to allow assigned and alternative paths to pass traffic irrespective of the usage class when the frame error probability for a link within an assigned path exceeds a specified threshold.

12. The method of claim 4, wherein, during abnormal channel conditions, sending a control message to wireless intermediate devices and/or wireless gateway devices to route frames irrespective of the usage class.

13. The method of claim 2, further comprising, if the minimum number of paths is not met in step (f),

i. adding additional paths or groups of paths to the routing table to boost reliability, throughput or minimize delay;

ii. improve the reliability of the weakest link through redundancy; and

/or

iii. use other radio frequency channels and/or hopping patterns.

14. The method of claim 2, wherein the reliability for a source-destination path x in step (d) is represented as 1−

Φ

(x), wherein Φ

(x) is the frame error rate for a source-destination path x.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the reliability 1−

Φ

(x) is based on the frame error rate of each link, represented as Φ

(L(x, y)).

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the reliability 1−

Φ

(x) is determined using the equation

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising in step (d) comparing the frame error rate of each link Φ

(L(x, y)) with a maximum allowable frame error probability α

for each link y, and discarding any paths x containing the link y if Φ

(L(x, y))≦

α

is not satisfied for the link y.

18. The method of claim 14, wherein a reliability of two independent paths x₁ and x₂ combined is expressed as 1−

Φ

(x₁, x₂)=1−

Φ

(x₁)*Φ

(x₂) and the reliability 1−

Φ

(x₁, x₂) is used in the comparison of step (e).

19. The method of claim 14, wherein reliability of N_P independent paths is expressed as

20. The method of claim 2, further comprising specifying a number of alternate paths, and assigning the specified number of alternate paths for the source-destination pair to the routing table, wherein frames are routed through the specified number of alternate paths and the assigned minimum number of paths from step (f) only if degradation in performance is sensed in any of the links or devices in the source-destination path.

21. The method of claim 2, further comprising specifying a maximum allowable delay for a source-destination pair, and, prior to assigning in step (f), discarding any paths that exceed the maximum allowable delay even if the determined reliability of those paths meets the specified minimum reliability requirements as determined in step (e).

22. The method of claim 2, further comprising specifying a maximum allowable throughput for a link represented as η

(L(x, y), max), prior to step (f), discarding paths that do not meet the condition η

(L(x, y))≦

η

(L(x, y), max) for all links y, where η

L((x, y)) represents the throughput for the y-th link of the x-th path, even if the determined reliability of those paths meets the specified minimum reliability requirements as determined in step (e).

23. The method of claim 2, which includes optimizing routes for a group of less than all selected source-destination pairs, and prioritizing the group of selected source-destination pairs through the assigned minimum number of paths.

24. The method of claim 2, which includes optimizing the routes for a group of less than all selected source-destination pairs, and reserving the assigned minimum number of paths exclusively for the group of selected source-destination pairs.

25. A method of selecting paths in a wireless process control and/or automation network, the wireless process control and/or automation network including

one or more wireless end devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data, and either

one or more wireless intermediate devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data and routing received data and one or more wireless gateway devices for assigning data paths, transmitting data, receiving data and routing received data, or

one or more wireless intermediate devices or

one or more wireless gateway devices,

wherein a source-destination pair includes links between the one or more wireless end devices, and the one or more wireless intermediate devices and/or the one or more wireless gateway devices,

the method of selecting paths comprising:

a. designating a maximum allowable end-to-end delay for a selected source-destination pair;

b. determining possible paths between the selected source-destination pair;

c. calculating an end-to-end delay for one of the possible paths;

d. identifying an acceptable path by comparing the calculated end-to-end delay for the one of the possible paths with the maximum allowable end-to-end delay, wherein a path is deemed acceptable if the calculated end-to-end delay is equal to or less than the maximum allowable end-to-end delay;

e. assigning the acceptable path to a routing table; and

f. repeating steps (c)-(e) for each of the possible paths identified in step (b).

26. The method of claim 25, wherein at step (a), a minimum reliability requirement and a minimum number of paths is specified for the selected source-destination pair, the method further comprising,

calculating the reliability of each of the acceptable paths or a group of acceptable paths;

identifying one or more reliable paths, or a group of paths, by comparing the reliability of each of the acceptable paths or a group of acceptable paths with the specified minimum reliability requirements; and

assigning the minimum number of, paths for the selected source-destination pair to a routing table from the identified reliable paths or a group of paths.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising specifying a number of alternate paths, and assigning the specified number of alternate paths for the source-destination pair to the routing table, wherein frames are routed through the specified number of alternate paths and the assigned minimum number of paths only if degradation in performance is sensed in any of the links or devices in the source-destination path.

28. The method of claim 25, further comprising

specifying a maximum allowable throughput for a link represented as η

(L(x, y), max),

discarding paths that do not meet the condition η

(L(x, y))≦

η

(L(x, y), max) for all links y, where η

(L(x, y)) represents the throughput for the y-th link of the x-th path.

29. The method of claim 25, wherein a plurality of usage classes are provided for wireless communication, and step (a) designates a maximum allowable end-to-end delay for each usage class for the selected source-destination pair.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein, during abnormal channel conditions, sending a control message to wireless intermediate devices and/or wireless gateway devices to route frames irrespective of the usage class.

31. A method of selecting paths in a wireless process control and/or automation network, the wireless process control and/or automation network including

a tier of one or more wireless end devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data, and either

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data and routing received data and a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices for assigning data paths, transmitting data, receiving data and routing received data, or

a tier of or one or more wireless intermediate devices or

a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices,

wherein a source-destination pair includes links between the one or more wireless end devices, and the one or more wireless intermediate devices and/or the one or more wireless gateway devices,

the method of selecting paths comprising:

a. designating a maximum allowable tier delay for a selected source-destination pair and for each tier;

b. determining possible paths between the selected source-destination pair;

c. calculating a tier delay for a link or set of links within a selected one of the tiers for one of the possible paths;

d. identifying an acceptable link or set of links by comparison of the calculated tier delay for that link or set of links with the maximum allowable tier delay for the selected tier, wherein a link or set of links is deemed acceptable if the calculated tier delay is equal to or less than the maximum allowable tier delay for the selected tier;

e. repeating steps (c) and (d) for each tier of the one of the possible paths for the remaining tiers;

f. assigning the one of the possible paths for the selected source-destination pair to a routing table if all of the links or sets of links within the one of the possible paths are identified as acceptable; and

g. repeating steps (c)-(f) for each of the possible paths identified in step (b).

32. The method of claim 31, wherein at step (a), a minimum reliability requirement and a minimum number of paths is specified for the selected source-destination pair, the method further comprising:

calculating the reliability of each of the acceptable paths or a group of acceptable paths;

identifying one or more reliable paths, or a group of paths, by comparing the reliability of each of the acceptable paths or a group of acceptable paths with the specified minimum reliability requirements; and

assigning the minimum number of paths for the selected source-destination pair to a routing table from the identified reliable paths or a group of paths.

33. The method of claim 32, further comprising specifying a number of alternate paths, and assigning the specified number of alternate paths for the source-destination pair to the routing table, wherein frames are routed through the specified number of alternate paths and the assigned minimum number of paths only if degradation in performance is sensed in any of the links or devices in the source-destination path.

34. The method of claim 31, further comprising

specifying a maximum allowable throughput for a link represented as η

(L(x, y), max),

discarding paths that do not meet the condition η

(L(x, y))≦

η

(L(x, y), max) for all links y, where η

(L(x, y)) represents the throughput for the y-th link of the x-th path.

35. The method of claim 31, wherein a plurality of usage classes are defined for wireless communication, and step (a) designates a maximum allowable tier delay for each usage class for the selected source-destination pair.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein, during abnormal channel conditions, sending a control message to wireless intermediate devices and/or wireless gateway devices to route frames irrespective of the usage class.

37. A method of selecting paths in a wireless process control and/or automation network, the wireless process control and/or automation network including

a tier of one or more wireless end devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data, and either

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data and routing received data and a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices for assigning data paths, transmitting data, receiving data and routing received data, or

a tier of or one or more wireless intermediate devices or

a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices,

wherein a source-destination pair includes links between the one or more wireless end devices, and the one or more wireless intermediate devices and/or the one or more wireless gateway devices,

the method of selecting paths comprising:

a. designating a maximum allowable end-to-end delay and a maximum allowable tier delay for a selected source-destination pair and for each tier for a selected source-destination pair;

b. determining possible paths between the selected source-destination pair;

c. calculating an end-to-end delay for one of the possible paths;

d. identifying a potentially acceptable path by comparison of the calculated end-to-end delay for the one of the possible paths with the maximum allowable tier delay, wherein a path is deemed potentially acceptable if the calculated end-to-end delay is equal to or less than the maximum allowable end-to-end delay;

e. calculating a tier delay for a link or set of links within one of the tiers in the potentially acceptable path;

f. identifying an acceptable link or set of links within that one of the tiers by comparison of the calculated tier delay for that link or set of links with the maximum allowable tier delay for that one of the tiers, wherein a link or set of links is deemed acceptable if the calculated tier delay is equal to or less than the maximum allowable tier delay for that one of the tiers;

g. repeating steps (e) and (f) for a link or set of links within each tier of the potentially acceptable path;

h. assigning the potentially acceptable path for the selected source-destination pair to a routing table if all of the links or sets of links within the one of the possible paths are identified as acceptable; and

i. repeating steps (c)-(h) for each of the possible paths identified in step (b).

38. The method of claim 37, wherein at step (a), a minimum reliability requirement and a minimum number of paths is specified for the selected source-destination pair, the method further comprising,

calculating the reliability of each of the acceptable paths or a group of acceptable paths;

identifying one or more reliable paths, or a group of paths, by comparing the reliability of each of the acceptable paths or a group of acceptable paths with the specified minimum reliability requirements; and

assigning the minimum number of paths for the selected source-destination pair to a routing table from the identified reliable paths or a group of paths.

39. The method of claim 38, further comprising specifying a number of alternate paths, and assigning the specified number of alternate paths for the source-destination pair to the routing table, wherein frames are routed through the specified number of alternate paths and the assigned minimum number of paths only if degradation in performance is sensed in any of the links or devices in the source-destination path.

40. The method of claim 37, further comprising:

specifying a maximum allowable throughput for a link represented as η

(L(x, y), max),

discarding paths that do not meet the condition Θ

(L(x, y))≦

η

(L(x, y), max) for all links y, where η

(L(x, y)) represents the throughput for the y-th link of the x-th path.

41. The method of claim 37, wherein a plurality of usage classes are provided for wireless communication, and step (a) designates a maximum allowable end-to-end delay and a maximum allowable tier delay for each usage class for the selected source-destination pair.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein, during abnormal channel conditions, sending a control message to wireless intermediate devices and/or wireless gateway devices to route frames irrespective of the usage class.

43. A communication path optimization system for controlling a wireless process control and/or automation network, the wireless process control and/or automation network including

a tier of one or more wireless end devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data, and either

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data and routing received data, and a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices for assigning data paths, transmitting data, receiving data and routing received data, or

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices or

a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices,

wherein at least one source-destination pair includes links between the one or more wireless end devices, and the one or more wireless intermediate devices and/or the one or more wireless gateway devices,

the communication path optimization system comprising:

a memory that stores

a set of routing rules specifying a minimum reliability requirement for a selected source-destination pair and

a specified minimum number of paths between the selected source-destination pair;

a processor coupled to the memory; and

a route optimization module executable by the processor and operable to transmit assigned reliable paths resulting from execution of the route optimization module to a routing table for instructing at least one of the one or more wireless gateway devices and/or the wireless intermediate devices, the route optimization module including;

a path determination sub-module for determination of possible paths between the selected source-destination pair;

a reliability calculation sub-module for calculation of the reliability of each of the possible paths, or an effective reliability of one or more groups of possible paths;

a reliable path identification sub-module for identification of one or more reliable paths, or a one or more reliable groups of paths, by comparing the reliability of each of the possible paths or groups of possible paths with the specified minimum reliability requirements specified in the set of routing rules; and

a path assignment sub-module for assignment of the minimum number of paths specified in the set of routing rules for the selected source-destination pair to the routing table from the identified reliable paths or the identified reliable groups of paths, and discarding, or assigning as alternate paths to the routing table, identified reliable paths or identified reliable groups of paths that exceed the minimum number of paths.

44. The communication path optimization system of claim 43, wherein the processor that executes the route optimization module resides in a wireless gateway device.

45. The communication path optimization system of claim 44, in which the wireless process control and/or automation network includes a plurality of wireless gateway devices, wherein the wireless gateway device that executes the route optimization module is a master wireless gateway device.

46. The communication path optimization system of claim 43, wherein the processor that executes the route optimization module resides in a computing device separate from a wireless gateway device.

47. A communication path optimization system for controlling a wireless process control and/or automation network, the wireless process control and/or automation network including

one or more wireless end devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data, and either

one or more wireless intermediate devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data and routing received data and one or more wireless gateway devices for assigning data paths, or transmitting data, receiving data and routing received data, or

one or more wireless intermediate devices or

one or more wireless gateway devices,

wherein at least one source-destination pair includes links between the one or more wireless end devices, and the one or more wireless intermediate devices and/or the one or more wireless gateway devices,

the communication path optimization system comprising:

a memory that stores

a set of routing rules specifying a maximum allowable end-to-end delay for a selected source-destination pair;

a processor coupled to the memory; and

an end-to-end delay minimization module executable by the processor and operable to transmit assigned acceptable paths resulting from execution of the end-to-end delay minimization module to a routing table for instructing at least one of the one or more wireless gateway devices and/or the wireless intermediate devices, the end-to-end delay minimization module including;

a path determination sub-module for determination of possible paths between the selected source-destination pair;

an end-to-end delay calculation sub-module for calculation of an end-to-end delay for one of the possible paths;

a path identification sub-module for identification of an acceptable path by comparing the calculated end-to-end delay for the one of the possible paths with the maximum allowable end-to-end delay, wherein a path is deemed acceptable if the calculated end-to-end delay is equal to or less than the maximum allowable end-to-end delay; and

a path assignment sub-module for assignment of the acceptable path to the routing table,

wherein the end-to-end delay calculation sub-module, the path identification sub-module and the path assignment sub-module are executed for each of the possible paths identified in the path determination sub-module.

48. The communication path optimization system of claim 47, wherein the processor that executes the end-to-end delay minimization module resides in a wireless gateway device.

49. The communication path optimization of claim 48, in which the wireless process control and/or automation network includes a plurality of wireless gateway devices, wherein the wireless gateway device that executes the end-to-end delay minimization module is a master wireless gateway device.

50. The communication path optimization system of claim 47, wherein the processor that executes the end-to-end delay minimization module resides in a computing device separate from a wireless gateway device.

51. A communication path optimization system for controlling a wireless process control and/or automation network, the wireless process control and/or automation network including

a tier of one or more wireless end devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data, and either

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data and routing received data, and a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices for assigning data paths, transmitting data, receiving data and routing received data, or

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices or

a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices,

wherein at least one source-destination pair includes links between the one or more wireless end devices, and the one or more wireless intermediate devices and/or the one or more wireless gateway devices,

the communication path optimization system comprising:

a memory that stores

a set of routing rules specifying a maximum allowable tier delay for a selected source-destination pair;

a processor coupled to the memory; and

a tier delay minimization module executable by the processor and operable to transmit assigned acceptable paths resulting from execution of the tier delay minimization module to a routing table for instructing at least one of the one or more wireless gateway devices and/or the wireless intermediate devices, the tier delay minimization module including;

a path determination sub-module for determination of possible paths between the selected source-destination pair;

an tier delay calculation sub-module for calculation of an end-to-end delay for one of the possible paths;

a link identification sub-module for identification of an acceptable link or set of links by comparison of the calculated tier delay for that link or set of links with the maximum allowable tier delay for that one of the tiers, wherein a link or set of links is deemed acceptable if the calculated tier delay is equal to or less than the maximum allowable tier delay for that one of the tiers; and

a path assignment sub-module for assignment of an acceptable path to the routing table,

wherein the tier delay calculation sub-module and the link identification sub-module are executed for each tier of the one of the possible paths, and

wherein the tier delay calculation sub-module, the link identification sub-module and the path assignment sub-module are executed for each of the possible paths identified in the path determination sub-module.

52. The communication path optimization system of claim 51, wherein the processor that executes the tier delay minimization module resides in a wireless gateway device.

53. The communication path optimization system of claim 52, in which the wireless process control and/or automation network includes a plurality of wireless gateway devices, wherein the wireless gateway device that executes the tier delay minimization module is a master wireless gateway device.

54. The communication path optimization system of claim 51, wherein the processor that executes the tier delay minimization module resides in a computing device separate from a wireless gateway device.

55. A communication path optimization system for controlling a wireless process control and/or automation network, the wireless process control and/or automation network including

a tier of one or more wireless end devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data, and either

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data and routing received data and a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices for assigning data paths, transmitting data, receiving data and routing received data, or

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices or

a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices,

wherein at least one source-destination pair includes links between the one or more wireless end devices, and the one or more wireless intermediate devices and/or the one or more wireless gateway devices,

the communication path optimization system comprising:

a memory that stores

a set of routing rules specifying a maximum allowable tier delay and a maximum allowable end-to-end delay for a selected source-destination pair;

a processor coupled to the memory; and

a path determination module for determination of possible paths between the selected source-destination pair;

an end-to-end delay minimization module executable by the processor and operable to identify potential acceptable paths resulting from execution of the end-to-end delay minimization module, the end-to-end delay minimization module including;

an end-to-end delay calculation sub-module for calculation of an end-to-end delay for one of the possible paths;

a path identification sub-module for identification of a potentially acceptable path by comparing the calculated end-to-end delay for the one of the possible paths with the maximum allowable end-to-end delay, wherein a path is deemed potentially acceptable if the calculated end-to-end delay is equal to or less than the maximum allowable end-to-end delay; and

a tier delay minimization module executable by the processor and operable to transmit assigned acceptable paths resulting from execution of the tier delay minimization module to a routing table for instructing at least one of the one or more wireless gateway devices and/or the wireless intermediate devices, the tier delay minimization module including;

an tier delay calculation sub-module for calculation of an end-to-end delay for one of the potentially acceptable paths;

a link identification sub-module for identification of an acceptable link or set of links by comparison of the calculated tier delay for that link or set of links with the maximum allowable tier delay for that one of the tiers, wherein a link or set of links is deemed acceptable if the calculated tier delay is equal to or less than the maximum allowable tier delay for that one of the tiers; and

a path assignment sub-module for assignment of an acceptable path to the routing table,

wherein the tier delay calculation sub-module and the link identification sub-module are executed for each tier of the potentially acceptable paths, and

wherein the end-to-end delay minimization module and tier delay minimization module are executed for each of the possible paths identified in the path determination module.

56. The communication path optimization system of claim 55, wherein the processor that executes the end-to-end delay minimization module and the tier delay minimization module resides in a wireless gateway device.

57. The communication path optimization system of claim 56, in which the wireless process control and/or automation network includes a plurality of wireless gateway devices, wherein the wireless gateway device that executes the end-to-end delay minimization module and the tier delay minimization module is a master wireless gateway device.

58. A communication path optimization system for controlling a wireless process control and/or automation network, the wireless process control and/or automation network including

a tier of one or more wireless end devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data, and either

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices for transmitting data and/or receiving data and routing received data, and a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices for assigning data paths, transmitting data, receiving data and routing received data, or

a tier of one or more wireless intermediate devices or

a tier of one or more wireless gateway devices,

wherein at least one source-destination pair includes links between the one or more wireless end devices, and the one or more wireless intermediate devices and/or the one or more wireless gateway devices, the communication path optimization system comprising:

a memory that stores

a set of routing rules specifying a minimum reliability requirement for a selected source-destination pair,

a specified minimum number of paths between the selected source-destination pair,

a set of routing rules specifying a maximum allowable tier delay and a maximum allowable end-to-end delay for a selected source-destination pair, and

a routing table containing instructions to be processed by at least one of the one or more wireless gateway devices and/or the wireless intermediate devices;

a processor coupled to the memory;

a path determination module for determination of possible paths between the selected source-destination pair;

a route optimization module executable by the processor and operable to identify reliable paths between the selected source-destination pair;

an end-to-end delay minimization module executable by the processor and operable to identify potential acceptable paths that have a calculated end-to-end delay which is equal to or less than a maximum allowable end-to-end delay; and

a tier delay minimization module executable by the processor and operable to identify potential acceptable links or sets of links by comparison of a calculated tier delay for a selected link or set of links with a maximum allowable tier delay for a selected tier;

wherein the potentially acceptable path for the selected source-destination pair is assigned to the routing table stored in the memory if all of the links or sets of links within the one of the possible paths are identified by the tier delay minimization module as acceptable, and if the potentially acceptable path is identified as reliable by the route optimization module, and

wherein the end-to-end delay minimization module and tier delay minimization module are executed for each of the possible paths identified in the path determination module.

59. The communication path optimization system of claim 58, wherein the processor that executes the route optimization module, the end-to-end delay minimization module and the tier delay minimization module resides in a wireless gateway device.

60. The communication path optimization system of claim 59, in which the wireless process control and/or automation network includes a plurality of wireless gateway devices, wherein the wireless gateway device that executes the route optimization module, the end-to-end delay minimization module and the tier delay minimization module is a master wireless gateway device.

61. The communication path optimization system of claim 58, wherein the processor that executes the route optimization module, the end-to-end delay minimization module and the tier delay minimization module resides in a computing device separate from a wireless gateway device.

62. The communication path optimization system of claim 58, wherein the processor that executes the end-to-end delay minimization module and the tier delay minimization module resides in a computing device separate from a wireless gateway device.