Method and system for the detection and identification of explosives and/or contraband

• US 8,463,557 B2
• Filed: 12/01/2010
• Issued: 06/11/2013
• Est. Priority Date: 02/18/2010
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: BAE Systems Information and Electronic Systems Integration Incorporated (BAE Systems Plc)
• Original Assignee: BAE Systems Information and Electronic Systems Integration Incorporated (BAE Systems Plc)
• Inventors: Apostolos, John T., Zank, Paul A., Feng, Judy, Brittain, Candice L.
• Primary Examiner(s): LE, TOAN M
• Application Number:
  US12/957,948
• Publication Number:
  US 20120136585A1
• Time in Patent Office: 923 Days
• Field of Search: 702/23, 702/22, 702 27- 30, 702/32, 702/40, 702 66- 67, 702 70- 71, 702/73, 702 75- 77, 702/79, 702/81, 702 84- 85, 702/106, 702/127, 702134-135, 702188-189, 324307-310, 324312-313, 324/315, 324/317
• US Class Current: 702/23
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 33/441 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance [NQR] Spectroscopy and Imaging
• CPC Class Codes: G01V 3/14 operating with electron or nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract

A nuclear quadrupole resonance system which senses the stimulated emission from target molecules includes in a calibration step and a stimulated emission response detection step, with the system employing clutter cancellation involving linear regression and the use of cross correlation with a series of known molecular signatures, both increasing the signal-to-noise ratio of the system.

Claims

1. In a system using a signal generator for injecting energy corresponding to a spectral line of a target molecule in which the stimulated emission response from any target molecules at a given location is detected utilizing a network analyzer to derive a ratio between the injected energy and the stimulated emission response energy in terms of an S21 output signal, a method for the detection and identification of target molecules utilizing nuclear quadrupole resonance, comprising the steps of:

calibrating the system by detecting the S21 output signal from the network analyzer in the absence of a target molecule at the location, thus to provide a reference data response;

performing a linear regression on the reference data response;

injecting the energy corresponding to a spectral line of the target molecule using an untuned balanced terminated zero Q parallel conductor transmission line at the location to ascertain if any target molecules exist at the location;

utilizing the network analyzer to detect the stimulated emission response from a target molecule that exists at the location as a result of the injection of the energy;

performing a linear regression on the S21 output signal from the network analyzer containing a stimulated emission response; and

,

subtracting the linear regression of the stimulated emission response from the linear regression of the reference to provide a decluttered spectral line.

2. The method of claim 1, and further including the step of frequency sweeping the energy injected at the location such that the result of having no target molecule minus the result of having a target molecule results in a recognizable linear regression signature, and cross correlating the linear regression signature with a signature from a library.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the terminated balanced line has spaced apart elements, and wherein a target molecule is located between the balanced line elements.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the injecting step includes an antenna.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the antenna is directional.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the signal that is the result of the subtraction is in the frequency domain and constitutes a clutter-canceled signal, and further including the steps of converting the frequency domain clutter-canceled signal to a time domain clutter-canceled signal using a Fourier transform;

providing a signature library having signals in the frequency domain;

converting a frequency domain signature library signal to a time domain signal utilizing a Fourier transform;

deriving the complex conjugate of the signature library time domain signal to provide a complex conjugate time domain signal;

cross correlating the complex conjugate signal and clutter-canceled signal time domain signal; and

, providing an inverse Fourier transform to transform the cross correlated signal in the time domain into a frequency domain signal having at least one peak corresponding to the detected stimulated emission response, thus to provide a robust indication of the existence of a target molecule.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the steps of providing a linear regression of the reference and the stimulated emission response raw data includes storing the target molecule S21 raw data and the reference S21 data, processing the target molecule raw data by subtracting the magnitude of the target molecule raw data from a straight line raw data fit to provide processed target molecule raw data and processing the reference data by subtracting the magnitude of the reference data from the straight line reference data fit to provide processed reference data;

and further including the step of subtracting the processed reference data from the processed target molecule raw data, thus to provide a robust indication of the presence of the target molecule.

8. In a nuclear quadrupole resonance target molecule detection system in which a target molecule is irradiated with energy corresponding to a spectral line thereof and in which the S21 ratio of the incident energy on the target molecule versus the stimulated emission energy from the target molecule is detected, a method for decluttering the S21 ratio, comprising the steps of:

irradiating the target molecule using an untuned balanced terminated zero Q parallel conductor transmission line;

obtaining a reference in which the target molecule is not present at a given location;

on a computer providing a linear regression of the reference to provide a straight line fit of the reference;

irradiating a target molecule utilizing an untuned balanced terminated zero Q parallel conductor transmission line so as to provide a stimulated emission response from the target molecule in terms of target molecule raw data;

on a computer performing a linear regression on the target molecule raw data;

on a computer subtracting the target molecule linear regression from the reference linear regression; and

,

displaying the decluttered result to present an uncluttered stimulated transmission line.

9. A system for detection and identification of target molecules utilizing nuclear quadrupole resonance, comprising:

an untuned terminated balanced transmission line having parallel conductors and a zero Q;

a network analyzer coupled to said transmission line for driving said balanced transmission line with a signal having a frequency equal to the expected frequency of a spectral line of said target molecule;

a directional coupler for detecting stimulated emissions from a target molecule within the transmission line, said directional coupler coupled to said network analyzer, said network analyzer providing as an output thereof an S21 signal;

a number of linear regression modules coupled to the output of said network analyzer for providing linear regressions of S21 signals from said network analyzer;

a reference corresponding to the output of said network analyzer when there is no target molecule within said transmission line;

stimulated emission raw data obtained as an output of said network analyzer when said target molecule is within said balanced transmission line;

one of said linear regression modules processing the signal from said network analyzer corresponding to a reference level from said transmission line absent a target molecule therein;

a second one of said linear regression modules providing the output of said network analyzer corresponding to stimulated emission raw data that is the result of a target molecule within said balanced transmission line;

a summation node coupled to the outputs of said linear regression modules to subtract one output from the other;

a cross correlator having one output coupled to the output of said summation node;

a library of summations having an output coupled to another input to said cross correlator; and

,

a display coupled to the output of said cross correlator for robust spectral line display.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein said linear regression module includes a subtraction module for subtracting the raw data to said linear regression module from a linear approximation of the input data, thus to provide a signal centered about a zero reference line.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein said summation node in each of said linear regression module subtracts the results of one subtraction from the other in said linear regression modules to provide a clutter-canceled signal corresponding to a decluttered spectral line.

12. The system of claim 11, and further including a module for converting the frequency domain clutter-canceled signal into a time domain signal prior to coupling the clutter-canceled signal to said cross correlator, a module for converting the frequency domain signatures from said signature library into time domain signals and for coupling the converted time domain signature library signals to said cross correlator;

and a module for converting the time domain output signals from said cross correlator into a frequency domain signal, the frequency domain signal providing the uncluttered spectral line.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein said module for converting frequency signals to time domain signals includes a fast Fourier transform.

14. The system of claim 12, wherein said module for converting the time domain output signals from said cross correlator includes an inverse fast Fourier transform.

15. In a system using a signal generator for injecting energy corresponding to a spectral line of a target molecule in which the stimulated emission response from any target molecules at a given location is detected utilizing a network analyzer to derive a ratio between the injected energy and the stimulated emission response energy in terms of an S21 output signal, a system for the detection and identification of target molecules utilizing nuclear quadrupole resonance, comprising:

a calibrator for calibrating the system by detecting the S21 output signal from the network analyzer in the absence of a target molecule at the location, thus to provide a reference data response;

a linear regression module for performing a linear regression on the reference data response;

a signal generator and an untuned balanced terminated zero Q parallel conductor transmission line for injecting the energy corresponding to a spectral line of the target molecule at the location to ascertain if any target molecules exist at the location;

said network analyzer detecting the stimulated emission response from a target molecule that exists at the location as a result of the injection of the energy;

a linear regression module for performing a linear regression on the S21 output signal from said network analyzer containing a stimulated emission response; and

,

a subtraction module for subtracting the linear regression of the stimulated emission response from the linear regression of the reference to provide a decluttered spectral line.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein said signal generator sweeps the energy injected at the location such that the result of having no target molecule minus the result of having a target molecule results in a recognizable linear regression signature, and further including a cross correlator for cross correlating the linear regression signature with a signature from a signature library.

17. The system of claim 15, and further including a terminated balanced transmission line having spaced apart elements coupled to said signal generator, and wherein a target molecule is located between the balanced line elements.

18. The system of claim 15, and further including an antenna coupled to said signal generator.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein said antenna is directional.