Digitally-scalable transformer combining power amplifier

• US 8,502,598 B2
• Filed: 09/30/2011
• Issued: 08/06/2013
• Est. Priority Date: 09/30/2011
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Intel Corporation
• Inventors: Seddighrad, Parmoon, Xu, Hongtao, Palaskas, Georgios
• Primary Examiner(s): Mottola, Steven J
• Application Number:
  US13/250,983
• Publication Number:
  US 20130082772A1
• Time in Patent Office: 676 Days
• Field of Search: 330/51, 330/124.R, 330/195, 330/276
• US Class Current: 330/51
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 1/0277 Selecting one or more amplifiers from a plurality of amplifiers
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2200/405 the output amplifying stage of an amplifier comprising more than three power stages
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2200/537 A transformer being used as coupling element between two amplifying stages
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 2200/541 Transformer coupled at the output of an amplifier
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 3/195 in integrated circuits
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 3/245 with semiconductor devices only
• CPC Class Codes: H03F 3/72 Gated amplifiers, i.e. amplifiers which are rendered operative or inoperative by means of a control signal

Abstract

A digitally configurable transformer that performs switched transformer combining is disclosed. The flexible transformer includes switches that are dynamically configurable to efficiently combine RF power from power amplifier cores to achieve different power levels. The disclosed transformer is efficient at a broad range of power levels, leading to high power output efficiency. The transformer may be part of any power amplifier design that uses the transformer for power combining.

Claims

1. A transformer comprising:

a primary winding comprising;

four power amplifiers, each power amplifier comprising a first inverter, a second inverter, and a switch coupled between the two inverters;

four primary winding inductors, each primary winding inductor being disposed between two of the power amplifiers; and

a secondary winding comprising;

four secondary winding inductors, each secondary winding inductor being adjacent to one of the four primary winding inductors;

wherein the transformer;

operates at peak power when the four power amplifiers are turned on;

operates at −

6 dB back-off when two of the four power amplifiers are turned off; and

operates at −

12 dB back-off when three of the four power amplifiers are turned off.

2. The transformer of claim 1, wherein two power amplifiers are grounded, enabling the transformer to operate at −

6 dB back-off.

3. The transformer of claim 2, further comprising:

two direct current block capacitors disposed adjacent to two of the power amplifiers, wherein the two direct current block capacitors are active when the two turned off power amplifiers are grounded;

wherein the first power amplifier and the second power amplifier are not adjacent to each other.

4. The transformer of claim 1, wherein two power amplifiers are tri-stated, enabling the transformer to operate at −

6 dB back-off.

5. The transformer of claim 4, wherein two power amplifiers are tri-stated by:

disabling the two inverters of a first power amplifier while simultaneously closing the switch disposed between the two inverters; and

disabling the two inverters of a second power amplifier while simultaneously closing the switch disposed between the two inverters;

wherein the first power amplifier and the second power amplifier are not adjacent to each other.

6. The transformer of claim 4, wherein a third power amplifier is grounded, enabling the transformer to operate at −

12 dB back-off.

7. The transformer of claim 6, further comprising:

a third direct current block capacitor disposed adjacent to the third power amplifier;

wherein the third direct current blocking capacitor is active when the third power amplifier is grounded.

8. The transformer of claim 4, wherein a third power amplifier is tri-stated, enabling the transformer to operate at −

12 dB back-off.

9. The transformer of claim 8, wherein the third power amplifier is grounded by disabling the two inverters of the third power amplifier while simultaneously closing the switch disposed between the two inverters.

10. A transformer comprising:

a primary winding comprising a first power amplifier, a second power amplifier, a third power amplifier, and a fourth power amplifier, each power amplifier comprising a switch disposed between an inverter pair, the primary winding further comprising;

a first inductor disposed between the first power amplifier and the second power amplifier;

a second inductor disposed between the second power amplifier and the third power amplifier;

a third inductor disposed between the third power amplifier and the fourth power amplifier; and

a fourth inductor disposed between the fourth power amplifier and the first power amplifier; and

a secondary winding comprising;

a fifth inductor disposed adjacent to the first inductor;

a sixth inductor disposed adjacent to the second inductor;

a seventh inductor disposed adjacent to the third inductor;

an eighth inductor disposed adjacent to the fourth inductor;

wherein current induced in the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding through the relative placement of the inductors;

wherein the transformer;

operates at peak power when all four power amplifiers are active;

operates at −

6 dB back-off when two power amplifiers are disabled; and

operates at −

12 dB back-off when three power amplifiers are disabled.

11. The transformer of claim 10, wherein two power amplifiers are disabled by, for each power amplifier, simultaneously tri-stating the inverter pair and closing the switch between the inverter pair;

wherein the two power amplifiers being disabled are not adjacent to one another.

12. The transformer of claim 10, wherein two power amplifiers are disabled by, for each power amplifier, simultaneously grounding the inverter pair and closing the switch between the inverter pair;

wherein the two power amplifiers being disabled are not adjacent to one another.

13. The transformer of claim 12, wherein two power amplifiers are disabled by, for each power amplifier:

deactivating the inverter pair;

activating a pair of direct current blocking capacitors located adjacent to the deactivated inverter pair; and

simultaneously closing the switch between the deactivated inverter pair;

wherein the two power amplifiers being disabled are not adjacent to one another.

14. The transformer of claim 10, wherein three power amplifiers are disabled by:

tri-stating the inverter pair and simultaneously closing the switch between the tri-stated inverter pair in each of the three power amplifiers.

15. The transformer of claim 10, wherein the three power amplifiers are disabled by:

tri-stating the inverter pair and simultaneously closing the switch between the tri-stated inverter pair in each of two power amplifiers; and

grounding the inverter pair and simultaneously closing the switch between the grounded inverter pair in the third power amplifier.

16. The transformer of claim 15, wherein the inverter pair in the third power amplifier is grounded using direct current blocking capacitors.

17. A polar transformer comprising:

four power amplifier sections and four inductors arranged in a circular circuit, each power amplifier being disposed between an inductor, wherein the polar transformer operates at peak power when all four power amplifier sections are active and the polar transformer operates at −

6 dB back-off when two of the four power amplifier sections are either tri-stated or grounded, the four power amplifier sections each comprising;

a first power amplifier sub-section comprising

first and second inverters coupled to a power source;

a switch coupled between outputs of the first and second inverters; and

two direct current blocking capacitors to block current from feeding back to the first and second inverters;

a second power amplifier sub-section comprising;

third and fourth inverters coupled to the power source;

a second switch coupled between outputs of the third and fourth inverters; and

two direct current blocking capacitors to block current from feeding back to the third and fourth inverters;

wherein the polar transformer operates at a power between peak power and −

6 dB back-off when one or more of the power amplifier sub-sections in two of the four power amplifier sections is tri-stated.

18. The polar transformer of claim 17, wherein the polar amplifier operates at a power between −

6 dB back-off and −

12 dB back-off when one or more of the power amplifier sub-sections in a third power amplifier section of the four power amplifier sections is either tri-stated or grounded.