Method and system for providing information from a patient-specific model of blood flow

• US 8,548,778 B1
• Filed: 05/14/2012
• Issued: 10/01/2013
• Est. Priority Date: 05/14/2012
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Heartflow Inc.
• Original Assignee: Heartflow Inc.
• Inventors: Stevens, John Henry, Hart, Gregory Richard
• Primary Examiner(s): Thangavelu, Kandasamy
• Application Number:
  US13/470,802
• Time in Patent Office: 505 Days
• Field of Search: 703/1, 703/9, 703/11, 703/6, 600/416, 600/419, 600/508, 600/509, 600/504, 600/425, 604/8
• US Class Current: 703/6
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2034/104 Modelling the effect of the tool, e.g. the effect of an implanted prosthesis or for predicting the effect of ablation or burring
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2576/023 for the heart
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 34/10 Computer-aided planning, simulation or modelling of surgical operations
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/02007 Evaluating blood vessel condition, e.g. elasticity, compliance
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/021 Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels A61B5/0205 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/022 by applying pressure to close blood vessels, e.g. against the skin; Ophthalmodynamometers
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/026 Measuring blood flow A61B3/1233, A61B3/1241 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0263 using NMR
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/055 involving electronic [EMR] or nuclear [NMR] magnetic resonance, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7275 Determining trends in physiological measurement data; Predicting development of a medical condition based on physiological measurements, e.g. determining a risk factor
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7278 Artificial waveform generation or derivation, e.g. synthesising signals from measured signals A61B5/327 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7425 Displaying combinations of multiple images regardless of image source, e.g. displaying a reference anatomical image with a live image geometric transforms for image registration G06T3/14; enhancement using image fusion G06T5/50; algorithms for registration of images G06T7/30
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7445 Display arrangements, e.g. multiple display units
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/748 Selection of a region of interest, e.g. using a graphics tablet
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/03 Computed tomography [CT] echo-tomography A61B8/14
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/032 Transmission computed tomography [CT]
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/466 adapted to display 3D data
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/504 for diagnosis of blood vessels, e.g. by angiography
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/5217 extracting a diagnostic or physiological parameter from medical diagnostic data
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 8/06 Measuring blood flow measuring volume flow in general G01F, e.g. G01F1/66, G01F1/72; measuring speed of fluids in general G01P5/00
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/017 : Gesture based interaction, e.g. based on a set of recognized hand gestures interaction based on gestures traced on a digitiser G06F3/04883
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/04815 : Interaction with a metaphor-based environment or interaction object displayed as three-dimensional, e.g. changing the user viewpoint with respect to the environment or object
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0486 : Drag-and-drop
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 3/0488 : using a touch-screen or digitiser, e.g. input of commands through traced gestures
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 30/20 : Design optimisation, verification or simulation optimisation, verification or simulation of circuit designs G06F30/30
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 15/00 : 3D [Three Dimensional] image rendering
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 17/00 : Three dimensional [3D] modelling, e.g. data description of 3D objects
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 19/20 : Editing of 3D images, e.g. changing shapes or colours, aligning objects or positioning parts
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2200/04 : involving 3D image data
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2200/24 : involving graphical user interfaces [GUIs]
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2210/41 : Medical
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2219/2016 : Rotation, translation, scaling
• CPC Class Codes: G16B 5/00 : ICT specially adapted for modelling or simulations in systems biology, e.g. gene-regulatory networks, protein interaction networks or metabolic networks
• CPC Class Codes: G16H 30/20 : for handling medical images, e.g. DICOM, HL7 or PACS
• CPC Class Codes: G16H 50/50 : for simulation or modelling of medical disorders
• CPC Class Codes: Y02A 90/10 : Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation

Abstract

Embodiments include a system for providing blood flow information for a patient. The system may include at least one computer system including a touchscreen. The at least one computer system may be configured to display, on the touchscreen, a three-dimensional model representing at least a portion of an anatomical structure of the patient based on patient-specific data. The at least one computer system may also be configured to receive a first input relating to a first location on the touchscreen indicated by at least one pointing object controlled by a user, and the first location on the touchscreen may indicate a first location on the displayed three-dimensional model. The at least one computer system may be further configured to display first information on the touchscreen, and the first information may indicate a blood flow characteristic at the first location.

Claims

1. A system for providing patient-specific blood flow information for a patient, the system comprising:

a display device including a touchscreen and being configured to display a three-dimensional model representing at least a portion of an anatomical structure of the patient based on patient-specific data; and

a processor configured to;

operate in a first mode to receive a first input relating to a first location on the touchscreen indicated by a user, the first location on the touchscreen indicating a first location on the displayed three-dimensional model, and generate a display of first information on the touchscreen, the first information indicating a blood flow characteristic at the first location; and

operate in a second mode to (i) receive a second input relating to a second location on the touchscreen, the second input causing a modification of the three-dimensional model, (ii) generate a display of a coronary intervention at a location of the three-dimensional model corresponding to the second location on the touchscreen, (iii) determine and display second information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure based on the modification of the three-dimensional model, and (iv) enable the user to interact with the touchscreen to drag the displayed coronary intervention along a vessel to update the determined and displayed second information regarding the blood flow characteristic based on further modification of the three-dimensional model.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to update the displayed first information as the user modifies the first location on the touchscreen and on the displayed three-dimensional model.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:

form a pin at the first location, the pin being movable by the user within the three-dimensional model; and

update, on the touchscreen, the first information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure as the pin is moved by the user.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to determine the first information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure at a plurality of locations in the three-dimensional model and indicate the first information on the displayed three-dimensional model using at least one of shading, patterns, or coloring.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to rotate the displayed three-dimensional model in response to the user swiping a surface of the touchscreen, an amount and direction of rotation depending on a characteristic of the swipe.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to adjust a zoom on the displayed three-dimensional model in response to the user pinching two of the at least one pointing objects located at separate locations with respect to the touchscreen, an amount of the zoom depending on a characteristic of the pinch.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to switch between operating in the first mode and operating in the second mode based upon a third input received on the touchscreen.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the second location on the touchscreen indicates a second location in the three-dimensional model for the modification.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the modification corresponds to placement of a stent, and the processor is further configured to display the stent as the coronary intervention.

10. The system of claim 9, wherein the processor is further configured to receive a third input indicating a size of the stent.

11. The system of claim 9, wherein, in the second mode, the processor is further configured to provide a split screen including a first portion and a second portion, the first portion displaying the three-dimensional model representing at least the portion of the anatomical structure and the stent, and the second portion displaying the three-dimensional model after placement of the stent.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to receive a third input indicating a change in location or change in size of the coronary intervention.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein the modification corresponds to a formation of a bypass, and the processor is further configured to display the bypass as the coronary intervention.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to receive at least one third input indicating at least one location for connecting the bypass to the displayed three-dimensional model.

15. The system of claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to receive a third input indicating a change in location or a change in size of the bypass.

16. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to provide a split screen including a first portion and a second portion, the two portions being configured to receive different second inputs indicating different modifications of the respective displayed three-dimensional models.

17. The system of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to receive the first and second inputs from at least one pointing object controlled by the user, and the at least one pointing object includes at least one digit of the user or a stylus.

18. The system of claim 1, wherein the first information includes at least one of pressure gradient, fractional flow reserve, pressure, flow rate, and velocity.

19. The system of claim 1, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient includes at least a portion of an aorta and at least a portion of a plurality of coronary arteries emanating from the portion of the aorta.

20. The system of claim 19, wherein the first information includes a fractional flow reserve indicating a ratio between a pressure at a location in the plurality of coronary arteries and a pressure at a location upstream from the location in the plurality of coronary arteries.

21. The system of claim 1, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient includes at least one of a portion of a plurality of arteries in the patient'"'"'s heart, neck, head, thorax, abdomen, arms, or legs.

22. A method for providing patient-specific blood flow information using at least one computer system, the at least one computer system including a touchscreen, the method comprising:

displaying, on the touchscreen, a three-dimensional model based on patient-specific data, the three-dimensional model representing at least a portion of an anatomical structure of the patient;

receiving, while operating in an inspection mode, a first input relating to a first location on the touchscreen indicated by a user, the first location on the touchscreen indicating a first location in the displayed three-dimensional model;

displaying first information on the touchscreen, the first information indicating a blood flow characteristic at the first location in the three-dimensional model indicated by the first input;

receiving, while operating in a treatment modeling mode, a second input relating to a second location on the touchscreen, the second input indicating a modification of the three-dimensional model and causing the computer system to generate a display of a coronary intervention at a location of the three-dimensional model corresponding to the second location on the touchscreen;

determining second information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure based on the modification of the three-dimensional model; and

enabling the user to interact with the touchscreen to drag the displayed coronary intervention along a vessel to update the determined and displayed second information regarding the blood flow characteristic based on further modification of the three-dimensional model.

23. The method of claim 22, further including:

receiving a mode selection input corresponding to a selection of the inspection mode or a selection of the treatment modeling mode.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein the second input relates to the second location on the touchscreen indicated by at least one pointing object controlled by the user, the second location on the touchscreen indicating a second location in the three-dimensional model for the modification.

25. The method of claim 22, further comprising:

updating the displayed first information as the user modifies the first location on the touchscreen and on the displayed three-dimensional model.

26. The method of claim 22, further comprising:

forming a pin at the first location, the pin being movable by the user within the three-dimensional model; and

updating, on the touchscreen, the first information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure as the pin is moved by the user.

27. The method of claim 22, further comprising:

determining the first information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure at a plurality of locations in the three-dimensional model and indicating the first information on the displayed three-dimensional model using at least one of shading, patterns, or coloring.

28. The method of claim 22, further comprising:

rotating the displayed three-dimensional model in response to the user swiping a surface of the touchscreen, an amount and direction of rotation depending on a characteristic of the swipe.

29. The method of claim 22, further comprising:

adjusting a zoom on the displayed three-dimensional model in response to the user pinching two of a plurality of pointing objects located at separate locations with respect to the touchscreen, an amount of the zoom depending on a characteristic of the pinch.

30. The method of claim 22, wherein the modification corresponds to placement of a stent, and the processor is configured to display the stent as the coronary intervention.

31. The method of claim 30, further comprising:

receiving a third input indicating a size of the stent.

32. The method of claim 30, further comprising:

receiving a third input indicating a change in location or change in size of the stent.

33. The method of claim 30, further comprising:

in the treatment modeling mode, providing a split screen including a first portion and a second portion, the first portion displaying the three-dimensional model representing at least the portion of the anatomical structure and the stent, and the second portion displaying the three-dimensional model after placement of the stent.

34. The method of claim 22, wherein the modification corresponds to a formation of a bypass, and the processor is further configured to display the bypass as the coronary intervention.

35. The method of claim 34, further comprising:

receiving at least one third input indicating at least one location for connecting the bypass to the displayed three-dimensional model.

36. The method of claim 34, further comprising:

receiving a third input indicating a change in location or a change in size of the bypass.

37. The method of claim 22, further comprising:

providing a split screen including a first portion and a second portion, the two portions being configured to receive different second inputs indicating different modifications of the respective displayed three-dimensional models.

38. The method of claim 22, wherein receiving the first and second inputs includes receiving the first and second inputs from at least one pointing object controlled by the user, and the at least one pointing object includes at least one digit of the user or a stylus.

39. The method of claim 22, wherein the first information includes at least one of pressure gradient, fractional flow reserve, pressure, flow rate, and velocity.

40. The method of claim 22, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient includes at least a portion of an aorta and at least a portion of a plurality of coronary arteries emanating from the portion of the aorta.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the first information includes a fractional flow reserve indicating a ratio between a pressure at a location in the plurality of coronary arteries and a pressure at a location upstream from the location in the plurality of coronary arteries.

42. The method of claim 22, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient includes at least one of a portion of a plurality of arteries in the patient'"'"'s heart, neck, head, thorax, abdomen, arms, or legs.

43. A non-transitory computer readable medium for use on at least one touchscreen computer system containing computer-executable programming instructions for providing patient-specific blood flow information, the instructions being executable by the at least one touchscreen computer system for:

displaying a three-dimensional model representing at least a portion of an anatomical structure of the patient based on patient-specific data;

receiving, while operating in a first mode, a first input relating to a first location on the touchscreen indicated by a user, the first location on the touchscreen indicating a first location in the displayed three-dimensional model;

displaying first information on the touchscreen, the first information indicating a blood flow characteristic at the first location in the three-dimensional model indicated by the first input;

receiving, while operating in a second mode, a second input relating to a second location on the touchscreen indicated by the user, the second input indicating a location of a stent for placement in the anatomical structure;

displaying the stent on the three-dimensional model on the touchscreen;

determining second information regarding a blood flow characteristic at a plurality of locations in the three-dimensional model based on a modification of the three-dimensional model reflecting the placement of the stent at the location indicated in the second input; and

enabling the user to interact with the touchscreen to drag the displayed stent along a vessel to update the determined and displayed second information regarding the blood flow characteristic based on further modification of the three-dimensional model.

44. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 43, the method further including:

receiving a third input indicating a size of the stent; and

determining third information regarding the blood flow characteristic at the plurality of locations in the three-dimensional model based on a modification of the three-dimensional model reflecting the indicated size of the stent.

45. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 44, wherein receiving the third input includes:

pinching two of the at least one pointing objects located at separate locations with respect to the touchscreen, and

determining a change in the size of the stent based on a characteristic of the pinch.

46. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 44, wherein the size of the stent includes a length, a proximal diameter, or a distal diameter.

47. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 43, wherein the method further includes:

receiving a third input indicating a change in location of the stent; and

determining third information regarding the blood flow characteristic at the plurality of locations in the three-dimensional model based on a modification of the three-dimensional model reflecting the indicated change in location of the stent.

48. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 47, wherein receiving the third input includes:

dragging the at least one pointing object along the displayed three-dimensional model, and

determining the change in the location of the stent based on a characteristic of the drag.

49. A method for providing patient-specific blood flow information using at least one computer system, the at least one computer system including a touchscreen, the method comprising:

displaying, on the touchscreen, a three-dimensional model based on patient-specific data, the three-dimensional model representing at least a portion of an anatomical structure of the patient;

receiving a first input relating to a first location on the touchscreen indicated by a user, the first location on the touchscreen indicating a first location in the displayed three-dimensional model;

displaying first information on the touchscreen, the first information indicating a blood flow characteristic at the first location in the three-dimensional model indicated by the first input; and

determining and dynamically updating a display of second and subsequent information regarding the blood flow characteristic as a user drags a pointing object across the touchscreen, where the display of the second and subsequent information is generated based on a location of the pointing object relative to the displayed three-dimensional model of the anatomical structure of the patient.

50. The method of claim 49, further comprising:

forming a pin at the first location, the pin being movable by the user within the three-dimensional model; and

updating, on the touchscreen, the first information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure as the pin is moved by the user.

51. The method of claim 49, further comprising:

updating the first information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure at a plurality of locations in the three-dimensional model and indicating the first information on the displayed three-dimensional model using at least one of shading, patterns, or coloring.

52. The method of claim 49, further comprising:

rotating the displayed three-dimensional model in response to the user swiping a surface of the touchscreen, an amount and direction of rotation depending on a characteristic of the swipe.

53. The method of claim 49, further comprising:

adjusting a zoom on the displayed three-dimensional model in response to the user pinching two of a plurality of pointing objects located at separate locations with respect to the touchscreen, an amount of the zoom depending on a characteristic of the pinch.

54. The method of claim 49, further comprising:

switching between operating in a first mode for receiving first, second, and subsequent inputs requesting the first, second, and subsequent information regarding the blood flow characteristic, and operating in a second mode for receiving a request for modeling a coronary intervention based upon an intervention input received on the touchscreen.

55. The method of claim 49, further comprising:

receiving, while operating in a treatment modeling mode, an intervention input relating to an intervention location on the touchscreen, the intervention input indicating a modification of the three-dimensional model and causing the computer system to generate a display of a coronary intervention at a location of the three-dimensional model corresponding to the intervention location on the touchscreen.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the intervention input includes a selection of a stent or a bypass, and a change in a location or size of the selected stent or bypass.

57. The method of claim 49, further comprising:

providing a split screen including a first portion and a second portion, the two portions being configured to receive different intervention inputs indicating different modifications of the respective displayed three-dimensional models.

58. The method of claim 49, further comprising receiving first, second, and subsequent inputs from at least one pointing object controlled by the user, where the at least one pointing object includes at least one digit of the user or a stylus.

59. The method of claim 49, wherein the first information includes at least one of pressure gradient, fractional flow reserve, pressure, flow rate, and velocity.

60. The method of claim 49, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient includes at least a portion of an aorta and at least a portion of a plurality of coronary arteries emanating from the portion of the aorta.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the first information includes a fractional flow reserve indicating a ratio between a pressure at a location in the plurality of coronary arteries and a pressure at a location upstream from the location in the plurality of coronary arteries.

62. The method of claim 49, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient includes at least one of a portion of a plurality of arteries in the patient'"'"'s heart, neck, head, thorax, abdomen, arms, or legs.

63. A method for providing patient-specific blood flow information using at least one computer system, the at least one computer system including a touchscreen, the method comprising:

displaying, on a first portion of the touchscreen, a three-dimensional model based on patient-specific data, the three-dimensional model representing at least a portion of an anatomical structure of the patient;

displaying, on a second portion of the touchscreen, a modified three-dimensional model based on the patient-specific data and on a received user intervention input of a proposed intervention to the three-dimensional model;

receiving a user'"'"'s input relating to a first location on the touchscreen indicating either a location in the displayed three-dimensional model or a location in the displayed modified three-dimensional model;

displaying information indicating a blood flow characteristic at the first location in either the three-dimensional model or the modified three-dimensional model; and

displaying information indicating the blood flow characteristic at a location corresponding to the first location in the other of the three-dimensional model or the modified three-dimensional model.

64. The method of claim 63, further including:

receiving a mode selection input corresponding to a selection of an inspection mode or a selection of a treatment modeling mode.

65. The method of claim 63, further comprising:

updating the displayed information indicating the blood flow characteristic at corresponding locations of the three-dimensional model and the modified three-dimensional model as the user drags a pointing device along the touchscreen over the displayed three-dimensional model or the modified three-dimensional model.

66. The method of claim 63, further comprising:

determining the information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure at a plurality of corresponding locations of the three-dimensional model and the modified three-dimensional model using at least one of shading, patterns, or coloring.

67. The method of claim 63, further comprising:

rotating the displayed three-dimensional model and the modified three-dimensional model in response to the user swiping a surface of the touchscreen, an amount and direction of rotation depending on a characteristic of the swipe.

68. The method of claim 63, further comprising:

adjusting a zoom on the displayed three-dimensional model and the modified three-dimensional model in response to the user pinching two of a plurality of pointing objects located at separate locations with respect to the touchscreen, an amount of the zoom depending on a characteristic of the pinch.

69. The method of claim 63, further comprising:

receiving, while operating in a treatment modeling mode, the intervention input relating to an intervention location on the touchscreen, the intervention input indicating a modification of the three-dimensional model and causing the computer system to generate a display of a coronary intervention at a location of the three-dimensional model corresponding to the intervention location on the touchscreen;

wherein the intervention input includes a selection of a stent or a bypass, and a change in a location or size of the selected stent or bypass.

70. The method of claim 63, wherein receiving a user'"'"'s input relating to a first location on the touchscreen includes receiving a user'"'"'s input from at least one pointing object controlled by the user, and the at least one pointing object includes at least one digit of the user or a stylus.

71. The method of claim 63, wherein the first information includes at least one of pressure gradient, fractional flow reserve, pressure, flow rate, and velocity.

72. The method of claim 63, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient includes at least a portion of an aorta and at least a portion of a plurality of coronary arteries emanating from the portion of the aorta.

73. The method of claim 72, wherein the first information includes a fractional flow reserve indicating a ratio between a pressure at a location in the plurality of coronary arteries and a pressure at a location upstream from the location in the plurality of coronary arteries.

74. The method of claim 63, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient includes at least one of a portion of a plurality of arteries in the patient'"'"'s heart, neck, head, thorax, abdomen, arms, or legs.

75. A method for providing patient-specific blood flow information using at least a computer system and a tablet computer including a touchscreen, the method comprising:

generating, at the computer system, based on patient-specific data, a three-dimensional model representing at least a portion of an anatomical structure of a patient, and a reduced-order model of the portion of the anatomical structure;

transmitting the three-dimensional model and the reduced-order model to the tablet computer;

displaying the three-dimensional model on the touchscreen of the tablet computer; and

receiving at the tablet computer a user intervention input indicating a potential treatment of the anatomical structure and initiating a modification of the reduced-order model.

76. The method of claim 75, further comprising:

receiving, while operating in an inspection mode, a first input relating to a first location on the touchscreen indicated by a user, the first location on the touchscreen indicating a first location in the displayed three-dimensional model; and

displaying first information on the touchscreen, the first information indicating a blood flow characteristic at the first location in the three-dimensional model indicated by the first input.

77. The method of claim 76, further comprising:

updating the displayed first information as the user modifies the first location on the touchscreen and on the displayed three-dimensional model.

78. The method of claim 76, further comprising:

forming a pin at the first location, the pin being movable by the user within the three-dimensional model; and

updating, on the touchscreen, the first information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure as the pin is moved by the user.

79. The method of claim 76, further including:

receiving a mode selection input corresponding to a selection of the inspection mode or a selection of the treatment modeling mode.

80. The method of claim 76, wherein the first information includes at least one of pressure gradient, fractional flow reserve, pressure, flow rate, and velocity.

81. The method of claim 75, further comprising:

rotating the displayed three-dimensional model in response to the user swiping a surface of the touchscreen, an amount and direction of rotation depending on a characteristic of the swipe.

82. The method of claim 75, further comprising:

adjusting a zoom on the displayed three-dimensional model in response to the user pinching two of a plurality of pointing objects located at separate locations with respect to the touchscreen, an amount of the zoom depending on a characteristic of the pinch.

83. The method of claim 75, further comprising:

receiving, while operating in a treatment modeling mode, the user intervention input, causing the tablet computer to generate a display of a coronary intervention at a location of the three-dimensional model corresponding to a location of the user intervention input on the touchscreen;

determining, at the computer system, second information regarding the blood flow characteristic in the anatomical structure based on the modification of the three-dimensional model; and

enabling the user to interact with the touchscreen to drag the displayed coronary intervention along a vessel to update the determined and displayed second information regarding the blood flow characteristic based on further modification of the three-dimensional model.

84. The method of claim 75, wherein the modification corresponds to placement of a stent, and the tablet computer is further configured to display the stent.

85. The method of claim 84, further comprising:

receiving a user input indicating a size of the stent.

86. The method of claim 84, further comprising:

receiving a user input indicating a change in location or change in size of the stent.

87. The method of claim 84, further comprising:

providing a split screen including a first portion and a second portion, the first portion displaying the three-dimensional model representing at least the portion of the anatomical structure and the stent, and the second portion displaying the three-dimensional model after placement of the stent.

88. The method of claim 75, wherein the modification corresponds to a formation of a bypass, and the tablet computer is further configured to display the bypass.

89. The method of claim 88, further comprising:

receiving a user input indicating at least one location for connecting the bypass to the displayed three-dimensional model.

90. The method of claim 88, further comprising:

receiving a user input indicating a change in location or a change in size of the bypass.

91. The method of claim 75, further comprising:

providing a split screen including a first portion and a second portion, the two portions being configured to receive different user intervention inputs indicating different modifications of respective displayed three-dimensional models.

92. The method of claim 75, wherein receiving the user intervention input includes receiving an input from at least one pointing object controlled by the user, and the at least one pointing object includes at least one digit of the user or a stylus.

93. The method of claim 75, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient includes at least a portion of an aorta and at least a portion of a plurality of coronary arteries emanating from the portion of the aorta.

94. The method of claim 93, wherein the first information includes a fractional flow reserve indicating a ratio between a pressure at a location in the plurality of coronary arteries and a pressure at a location upstream from the location in the plurality of coronary arteries.

95. The method of claim 75, wherein the anatomical structure of the patient includes at least one of a portion of a plurality of arteries in the patient'"'"'s heart, neck, head, thorax, abdomen, arms, or legs.