Method and apparatus for determining a calibration signal

• US 8,553,752 B2
• Filed: 01/30/2008
• Issued: 10/08/2013
• Est. Priority Date: 05/24/2007
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Rambus Inc.
• Original Assignee: Rambus Inc.
• Inventors: Beyene, Wendemagegnehu, Donnelly, Kevin S., Horowitz, Mark A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Puente, Eva
• Application Number:
  US12/596,133
• Publication Number:
  US 20100296566A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,078 Days
• Field of Search: 375/227, 370/503
• US Class Current: 375/227
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/31708 Analysis of signal quality G01R31/31901 takes precedence; measuring frequencies or analysing frequency spectra per se G01R23/00; measuring non-linear distortion per se G01R23/20
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3171 BER [Bit Error Rate] test
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/318342 by preliminary fault modelling, e.g. analysis, simulation

Abstract

Embodiments of a system for determining and optimizing the performance a signaling system are described. During operation, the system captures or measures a single-bit response (SBR) for the signaling system. Next, the system constructs an idealized inter-symbol-interference-free (ISI-free) SBR for the signaling system which is substantially free of inter-symbol-interference (ISI). The system then calculates an ISI-residual from the captured SBR and the idealized ISI-free SBR. Next, the system constructs a calibration bit pattern for the signaling system that is based substantially on the ISI-residual. Finally, the system uses the calibration bit pattern to calibrate, optimize and determine an aspect of the performance of the signaling system.

Claims

1. A method comprising:

capturing a single-bit response (SBR) associated with a signaling system;

constructing an idealized inter-symbol-interference-free (ISI-free) SBR for the signaling system which is substantially free of inter-symbol-interference (ISI);

calculating an ISI-residual from the captured SBR and the idealized ISI-free SBR;

constructing a calibration bit pattern for the signaling system that is based substantially on the ISI-residual; and

using the calibration bit pattern to calibrate an aspect of the signaling system.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein constructing the idealized ISI-free SBR involves constructing a distortionless SBR using a raised cosine pulse.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein constructing the idealized ISI-free SBR involves using a delay of the SBR and an amplitude of the SBR as parameters while constructing the idealized ISI-free SBR.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating the ISI-residual involves subtracting the idealized ISI-free SBR from the captured SBR.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein to calibrate an aspect of the signaling system involves calibrating at least one of:

a timing margin;

a voltage margin;

a true center of a signal eye;

a channel performance; and

a bit error rate.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein to calibrate an aspect of the signaling system involves using the calibration bit pattern to generate an eye diagram for the signaling system.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein constructing the calibration bit pattern involves using non-zero sample values at the centers of bit times in the ISI-residual to construct the calibration bit pattern.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein constructing the calibration bit pattern involves assigning logic ones and logic zeros to successive bits in the calibration bit pattern based on the polarity of the ISI-residual at the centers of successive bit times.

9. The method of claim 7, wherein constructing the calibration bit pattern involves assigning logic ones and logic zeros to successive bits in the calibration bit pattern based on the polarity of an area in an interval surrounding the centers of successive bit times of the ISI-residual.

10. The method of claim 7, wherein the calibration bit pattern is generated until a termination condition is reached, wherein the termination condition is reached when at least one of the following conditions is true:

the sample values at the centers of bit times approach zero; and

after a pre-specified number of bits are generated.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein constructing the calibration bit pattern involves using non-zero sample values at the edges of bit times in the ISI-residual to construct the calibration bit pattern.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the performance of the signaling system additionally involves calibrating the signaling system.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein calibrating the signaling system involves optimizing equalization coefficients for digital filters for the signaling system.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein optimizing the signaling system also involves optimizing and efficiently adapting the CDR phase location to optimize a sampling point for the signaling system.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the signaling system is one of:

a partial-response signaling system;

a multi-level signaling system;

a Doubinary signaling system;

a modified Doubinary signaling system;

a coded-signal-based signaling system;

a binary non-return-to-zero signaling system; and

a binary return-to-zero signaling system.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed at one of the following times:

during the process of manufacturing the signaling system;

during system initialization; and

during a periodic recalibration operation performed while the signaling system is operating.

17. A method for calibrating a signaling system, comprising:

determining channel characteristics of the signaling system including

capturing a single-bit response (SBR) for the signaling system;

constructing an idealized inter-symbol-interference-free (ISI-free) SBR for the signaling system which is substantially free of inter-symbol-interference (ISI);

calculating an ISI-residual from the captured SBR and the idealized ISI-free SBR

constructing a calibration bit pattern for the signaling system that is based substantially on the ISI-residual; and

using the calibration bit pattern to calibrate an aspect of the signaling system.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein constructing the idealized ISI-free SBR involves constructing a distortionless SBR using a raised cosine pulse.

19. An apparatus that determines the performance of a signaling system, comprising:

a measuring mechanism configured to capture a single-bit response (SBR) associated with the signaling system;

a computation mechanism configured to,

construct an idealized inter-symbol-interference-free (ISI-free) SBR for the signaling system which is substantially free of inter-symbol-interference (ISI),

calculate an ISI-residual from the captured SBR and the idealized ISI-free SBR, and

construct a calibration bit pattern for the signaling system that is based substantially on the ISI-residual; and

a testing mechanism to use the calibration bit pattern to determine an aspect of the performance of the signaling system.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the computation mechanism is to construct the idealized ISI-free SBR by constructing a distortionless SBR using a raised cosine pulse.

21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the computation mechanism is to use a delay of the SBR and an amplitude of the SBR as parameters while constructing the idealized ISI-free SBR.

22. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the computation mechanism is to calculate the ISI-residual by subtracting the idealized ISI-free SBR from the captured SBR.

23. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the testing mechanism is to use the calibration bit pattern to determine at least one of:

a timing margin;

a voltage margin;

a true center of a signal eye;

a channel performance; and

a bit error rate.

24. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the testing mechanism is to use the calibration bit pattern to generate an eye diagram for the signaling system.

25. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the computation mechanism is to use non-zero sample values at the centers of bit times in the ISI-residual to construct the calibration bit pattern.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the computation mechanism is to assign logic ones and logic zeros to successive bits in the calibration bit pattern based on the polarity of the ISI-residual at the centers of successive bit times.

27. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the computation mechanism is to assign a logic ones and logic zeros to successive bits in the calibration bit pattern based on the polarity of an area in an interval surrounding the centers of successive bit times of the ISI-residual.

28. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the computation mechanism is to generate the calibration bit pattern until a termination condition is reached, wherein the termination condition is reached when at least one of the following conditions is true:

the sample values at the centers of bit times approach zero; and

after a pre-specified number of bits are generated.

29. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the computation mechanism is to use non-zero sample values at the edges of bit times in the ISI-residual to construct the calibration bit pattern.

30. The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising a calibration mechanism to use the determined aspect of the performance of the signaling system to calibrate the signaling system.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the calibration mechanism is to calibrate equalization coefficients for digital filters for the signaling system.

32. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the calibration mechanism is to efficiently adapt a clock data recovery (CDR) phase location to optimize the sampling point.

33. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the signaling system is one of:

a partial-response signaling system;

a multi-level signaling system;

a Doubinary signaling system;

a modified Doubinary signaling system;

a coded-signal-based signaling system;

a binary non-return-to-zero signaling system; and

a binary return-to-zero signaling system.

34. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the apparatus is to determine the performance at one of the following times:

during the process of manufacturing the signaling system;

during system initialization; and

during a periodic recalibration operation performed while the signaling system is operating.

36. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the idealized ISI-free SBR involves a distortionless SBR using a raised cosine pulse.

35. An apparatus that calibrates a signaling system, comprising:

a measuring mechanism to determine channel characteristics of the signaling system and to capture a single-bit response (SBR) for the signaling system;

a bit-pattern generation mechanism to

construct an idealized inter-symbol-interference-free (ISI-free) SBR for the signaling system which is substantially free of inter-symbol-interference (ISI),

calculate an ISI-residual from the captured SBR and the idealized ISI-free SBR,

construct a calibration bit pattern for the signaling system that is based substantially in the ISI-residual; and

a calibration mechanism to use the calibration bit pattern to calibrate an aspect of the signaling system.