Modifying a coded bitstream
First Claim
1. A method for determining a watermark, the method comprising:
- accessing variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; and
determining an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference, wherein the alternative value is for use in watermarking the variable-length encoded data by inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value and by also retaining in the variable-length encoded data the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference.
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Accused Products
Abstract
Various implementations are provided for, for example, determining watermarking data, performing the watermarking, and processing watermarked data. At least one implementation watermarks AVC bitstream that uses CAVLC entropy coding. The watermarking data may be determined in a pre-processing stage and stored for later use in watermark a bitstream. One method accesses variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image. The encoding of the information has a particular value. The method determines an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference. The alternative value is for use in watermarking the variable-length encoded data.
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Citations
56 Claims
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1. A method for determining a watermark, the method comprising:
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accessing variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; and determining an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference, wherein the alternative value is for use in watermarking the variable-length encoded data by inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value and by also retaining in the variable-length encoded data the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17)
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18. An apparatus for determining a watermark, the apparatus comprising:
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an entropy decoder to decode variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; and a watermark generator, coupled to the entropy decoder, to determine an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference, wherein the alternative value is for use in watermarking the variable-length encoded data by inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value and by also retaining in the variable-length encoded data the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference. - View Dependent Claims (19)
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20. An apparatus for determining a watermark, the apparatus comprising:
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means for accessing variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; and means for determining an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference, wherein the alternative value is for use in watermarking the variable-length encoded data by inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value and by also retaining in the variable-length encoded data the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference.
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21. A processor configured to perform at least the following:
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accessing variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; and determining an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference, wherein the alternative value is for use in watermarking the variable-length encoded data by inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value and by also retaining in the variable-length encoded data the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference.
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22. A non-transitory processor-readable medium having stored thereon instructions for performing at least the following:
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accessing variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; and determining an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference, wherein the alternative value is for use in watermarking the variable-length encoded data by inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value and by also retaining in the variable-length encoded data the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference.
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23. A non-transitory processor-readable medium having watermark data stored thereon,
the watermark data for use in watermarking variable-length encoded data that includes an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference, and the watermark data including an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference, the alternative value being a substitute for the particular value for use in watermarking the variable-length encoded data by inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value and by also retaining in the variable-length encoded data the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference.
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25. A method for watermarking, the method comprising:
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accessing variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; accessing an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference; and inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value to watermark the image, wherein the variable-length encoded data includes the alternative value encoding the alternative information identifying the different reference and also includes the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference. - View Dependent Claims (26, 27, 53, 54, 55, 56)
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28. An apparatus comprising a stream modification unit configured to perform at least the following:
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accessing variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; accessing an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference; and inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value to watermark the image, wherein the variable-length encoded data includes the alternative value encoding the alternative information identifying the different reference also includes the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference. - View Dependent Claims (29)
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30. An apparatus for watermarking, the apparatus comprising:
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means for accessing variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; means for accessing an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference; and means for inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value to watermark the image wherein the variable-length encoded data includes the alternative value encoding the alternative information identifying the different reference and also includes the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference.
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31. A non-transitory processor configured to perform at least the following:
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accessing variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; accessing an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference; and inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value to watermark the image, wherein the variable-length encoded data includes the alternative value encoding the alternative information identifying the different reference and also includes the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference.
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32. A non-transitory processor-readable medium having stored thereon instructions for performing at least the following:
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accessing variable-length encoded data including an encoding of information identifying an actual reference used to predictively encode an image, the encoding of the information having a particular value, and the variable-length encoded data also including an encoding of a residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference; accessing an alternative value that is different from the particular value, such that the alternative value is an encoding of alternative information that identifies a different reference from the actual reference; and inserting the alternative value into the variable-length encoded data as a substitute for the particular value to watermark the image, wherein the variable-length encoded data includes the alternative value encoding the alternative information identifying the different reference and also includes the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference.
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33. A non-transitory processor-readable medium having stored thereon variable-length encoded data for an encoding of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an encoding of information identifying an alternative reference that is different from the actual reference used to predictively encode the image, wherein:
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the information identifying the alternative reference provides a watermark for the image, the variable-length encoded data stored on the medium further comprises an encoding of information identifying a residue from predictively encoding the image using the actual reference, and the variable-length encoded data includes the alternative value encoding the alternative information identifying the different reference and also includes the residue produced from predictively encoding the image based on the actual reference.
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34. A method for decoding, the method comprising:
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decoding variable-length encoded data for an encoding of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an encoding of information identifying an alternative reference that is different from an actual reference used in predictively encoding the image, wherein the information identifying the alternative reference provides a watermark for the image, wherein the variable-length encoded data further comprises an encoding of information identifying a residue from predictively encoding the image using the actual reference. - View Dependent Claims (35, 36, 37)
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38. An apparatus comprising a decoder configured to decode variable-length encoded data for an encoding of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an encoding of information identifying an alternative reference that is different from an actual reference used in predictively encoding the image, wherein the information identifying the alternative reference provides a watermark for the image,
wherein the variable-length encoded data further comprises an encoding of information identifying a residue from predictively encoding the image using the actual reference.
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39. An apparatus comprising:
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means for decoding variable-length encoded data for an encoding of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an encoding of information identifying an alternative reference that is different from an actual reference used in predictively encoding the image, wherein the information identifying the alternative reference provides a watermark for the image, wherein the variable-length encoded data further comprises an encoding of information identifying a residue from predictively encoding the image using the actual reference. - View Dependent Claims (40)
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41. A processor configured to decode variable-length encoded data for an encoding of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an encoding of information identifying an alternative reference that is different from an actual reference used in predictively encoding the image, wherein the information identifying the alternative reference provides a watermark for the image,
wherein the variable-length encoded data further comprises an encoding of information identifying a residue from predictively encoding the image using the actual reference.
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42. A processor-readable medium having stored thereon instructions for decoding variable-length encoded data for an encoding of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an encoding of information identifying an alternative reference that is different from an actual reference used in predictively encoding the image, wherein the information identifying the alternative reference provides a watermark for the image,
wherein the variable-length encoded data further comprises an encoding of information identifying a residue from predictively encoding the image using the actual reference.
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43. A non-transitory processor-readable medium having stored thereon a pixel-domain image that includes a detectable feature arising from a watermark of a variable-length encoding of one or more syntax elements from a predictive encoding of the image, the variable-length encoding having included an encoding of information identifying an alternative reference that is different from an actual reference used in predictively encoding the image, wherein the information identifying the alternative reference provided the watermark for the image,
wherein the variable-length encoded data further comprises an encoding of information identifying a residue from predictively encoding the image using the actual reference.
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44. A method comprising providing for display a pixel-domain image that includes a detectable feature arising from a watermark of a variable-length encoding of one or more syntax elements from a predictive encoding of the image, the variable-length encoding having included an encoding of information identifying an alternative reference that is different from an actual reference used in predictively encoding the image,
wherein the information identifying the alternative reference provided the watermark for the image, wherein the variable-length encoded data further comprises an encoding of information identifying a residue from predictively encoding the image using the actual reference.
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45. A method comprising:
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variable-length encoding a predictive encoding of a watermarked version of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an indicator of a current reference used in encoding the watermarked version of the image and an indicator of a resulting residue, the watermarked version of the image having a detectable characteristic that provides a watermark, wherein the detectable characteristic results from (1) modifying a previous variable-length encoding of a previous predictive-encoding of the image, the previous predictive-encoding being based on a previous reference and including information identifying the previous reference, wherein the modifying includes distorting the information in order to indicate an alternative reference and to provide the detectable characteristic for the image, and (2) decoding the previous variable-length encoding and the previous predictive-encoding of the image to produce the watermarked version of the image in which the detectable characteristic is present.
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46. A non-transitory processor-readable medium having stored thereon:
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variable-length encoded data from a variable-length encoding of a predictive encoding of a watermarked version of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an indicator of a current reference used in encoding the watermarked version of the image and an indicator of a resulting residue, the watermarked version of the image having a detectable characteristic that provides a watermark, wherein the detectable characteristic results from (1) modifying a previous variable-length encoding of a previous predictive-encoding of the image, the previous predictive-encoding being based on a previous reference and including information identifying the previous reference, wherein the modifying includes distorting the information in order to indicate an alternative reference and to provide the detectable characteristic for the image, and (2) decoding the previous variable-length encoding and the previous predictive-encoding of the image to produce the watermarked version of the image in which the detectable characteristic is present.
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47. A method comprising decoding variable-length encoded data from a variable-length encoding of a predictive encoding of a watermarked version of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an indicator of a current reference used in encoding the watermarked version of the image and an indicator of a resulting residue, the watermarked version of the image having a detectable characteristic that provides a watermark,
wherein the detectable characteristic results from (1) modifying a previous variable-length encoding of a previous predictive-encoding of the image, the previous predictive-encoding being based on a previous reference and including information identifying the previous reference, wherein the modifying includes distorting the information in order to indicate an alternative reference and to provide the detectable characteristic for the image, and (2) decoding the previous variable-length encoding and the previous predictive-encoding of the image to produce the watermarked version of the image in which the detectable characteristic is present.
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48. A non-transitory processor-readable medium having stored thereon pixel-domain image data resulting from decoding variable-length encoded data from a variable-length encoding of a predictive encoding of a watermarked version of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an indicator of a current reference used in encoding the watermarked version of the image and an indicator of a resulting residue, the watermarked version of the image having a detectable characteristic that provides a watermark,
wherein the detectable characteristic results from (1) modifying a previous variable-length encoding of a previous predictive-encoding of the image, the previous predictive-encoding being based on a previous reference and including information identifying the previous reference, wherein the modifying includes distorting the information in order to indicate an alternative reference and to provide the detectable characteristic for the image, and (2) decoding the previous variable-length encoding and the previous predictive-encoding of the image to produce the watermarked version of the image in which the detectable characteristic is present.
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49. A method comprising providing for display pixel-domain image data resulting from decoding variable-length encoded data from a variable-length encoding of a predictive encoding of a watermarked version of an image, the variable-length encoded data comprising an indicator of a current reference used in encoding the watermarked version of the image and an indicator of a resulting residue, the watermarked version of the image having a detectable characteristic that provides a watermark,
wherein the detectable characteristic results from (1) modifying a previous variable-length encoding of a previous predictive-encoding of the image, the previous predictive-encoding being based on a previous reference and including information identifying the previous reference, wherein the modifying includes distorting the information in order to indicate an alternative reference and to provide the detectable characteristic for the image, and (2) decoding the previous variable-length encoding and the previous predictive-encoding of the image to produce the watermarked version of the image in which the detectable characteristic is present.
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50. A method for determining payload information, the method comprising:
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accessing information that identifies a location in variable-length encoded data at which a variable-length encoding of information is located, the information identifying one of at least two references associated with a predictive encoding of an image; accessing the encoding of the information at the location in the variable-length encoded data, wherein the information also identifies a residue resulting from predictively encoding the image using a reference other than the identified reference; determining, based on the encoding of the information, which of the at least two references is identified; and determining payload information based on a result of determining which of the at least two references is identified. - View Dependent Claims (51)
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52. A method for determining payload information, the method comprising:
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accessing a pixel-domain image that includes a detectable feature arising from a watermark of a variable-length encoding of one or more syntax elements from a predictive encoding of the image, the variable-length encoding including an encoding of information identifying an alternative reference that is different from an actual reference used in predictively encoding the image, wherein the information identifying the alternative reference provided the watermark for the image; accessing detection metadata indicating a location in the pixel-domain image at which the detectable feature is located; analyzing the pixel-domain image at the location to determine a value for the detectable feature; accessing additional detection metadata indicating a comparison value for the detectable feature; comparing the determined value for the detectable feature with the comparison value; and determining payload information based on a result of the comparing.
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Specification