System and method for electromagnetic navigation in the vicinity of a metal object

• US 8,611,986 B2
• Filed: 03/02/2012
• Issued: 12/17/2013
• Est. Priority Date: 05/05/2005
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Stryker Corporation
• Original Assignee: Stryker Corporation
• Inventors: Wu, Chunwu
• Primary Examiner(s): Jung, Unsu
• Assistant Examiner(s): Santos Rodriguez, Joseph M
• Application Number:
  US13/411,109
• Publication Number:
  US 20120165660A1
• Time in Patent Office: 655 Days
• Field of Search: None
• US Class Current: 600/424
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2034/2051 Electromagnetic tracking systems
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2090/397 electromagnetic other than visible, e.g. microwave
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 34/20 Surgical navigation systems; Devices for tracking or guiding surgical instruments, e.g. for frameless stereotaxis
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/06 Devices, other than using radiation, for detecting or locating foreign bodies for removing same A61B17/50 ; determining position of probes within or on the body of the patient
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/062 using magnetic field
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7257 using Fourier transforms
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 90/36 Image-producing devices or illumination devices not otherwise provided for

Abstract

A system and method for performing object localization based on the emission of electromagnetic fields. The electromagnetic fields are simultaneously emitted from different transmitters. One electromagnetic field is emitted at a base frequency; the remaining waves are emitted at frequencies that are harmonics of the base frequency. The composite magnetic fields are measured by sensors. The signal generated by each sensor is subject to a Fourier analysis to determine the strengths of the individual electromagnetic fields forming the composite electromagnetic field. These individual measure field strength data are then used to determine the position and orientation of the sensors relative to the transmitters.

Claims

1. A system for determining the position and orientation of an object, said system comprising:

a transmitter assembly comprising at least two transmitters, each said transmitter capable of simultaneously emitting plural magnetic fields at different frequencies, wherein said transmitters are configured to;

simultaneously emit navigation magnetic fields, wherein the navigation magnetic field emitted by each said transmitter is at a frequency different than the frequencies of the navigation magnetic fields emitted by the other said transmitters; and

with each said transmitter, simultaneously with the navigation magnetic field emitted by said transmitter, emit a plurality of surveillance magnetic fields, the surveillance magnetic fields being at different frequencies and at frequencies less than the frequencies at which said transmitters emit the navigation magnetic fields wherein the surveillance magnetic fields are sequentially emitted by said transmitters so that, after a first said transmitter emits the surveillance magnetic fields, a second said transmitter emits the surveillance magnetic fields;

at least two sensors, each sensor configured to measure the strength of a composite magnetic field that is the sum of the navigation magnetic fields and the surveillance magnetic fields emitted by said transmitters that are received by the sensor and to generate a sensor signal representative of the strength of the received composite magnetic field; and

a processor connected to said sensor to receive the sensor signals, said processor is further configured to;

for each sensor signal, based on the sensor signal from said sensor, determine the strengths of the navigation magnetic fields and the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields received by said sensor;

based on the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields that are transmitted with each navigation magnetic field, determine the strength of eddy current induced magnetic field as a function of field frequency;

for the navigation magnetic field emitted with the surveillance magnetic fields, based on the strength of the eddy current induced magnetic fields as a function of field frequency and the frequency of the navigation magnetic field, determine an error value for the navigation magnetic field;

for the navigation magnetic field emitted with the surveillance magnetic fields received by each sensor, based on the strength of the navigation magnetic field and the error value for the navigation magnetic field, generate a corrected measurement of navigation magnetic field strength; and

based on the corrected measurements of navigation magnetic field strengths for the plurality of navigation magnetic fields that are received by said plurality of sensors, compute position and orientation data for the sensors.

2. The system for determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 1, wherein said processor determines the strength of eddy current induced magnetic fields as a function of frequency for a navigation magnetic field based on the difference in the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields simultaneously emitted with the navigation magnetic field.

3. The system for determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 1, wherein said processor is further configured to:

based on the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields emitted with a navigation magnetic field that are received by a said sensor, determine an average surveillance magnetic field strength; and

when determining the error value for a navigation magnetic field emitted with the surveillance magnetic fields further determine the error value based on the average surveillance magnetic field strength.

4. The system for determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 1, wherein said transmitter assembly is further configured so that the surveillance magnetic fields emitted by said transmitters are emitted at the same frequencies by each said transmitter.

5. The system for determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 1, wherein said transmitter assembly is further configured so that the surveillance magnetic fields and the navigation magnetic fields are all emitted at harmonics of a common base frequency.

6. The system for determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 1, wherein said transmitter assembly is further configured so that the surveillance magnetic fields and the navigation magnetic fields are all emitted at harmonics of a common base frequency and one of the surveillance magnetic fields is emitted at the first order harmonic of the base frequency.

7. The system for determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 1, wherein said transmitter assembly is further configured so that the surveillance magnetic fields and the navigation magnetic fields are emitted at frequencies of 300 Hz or less.

8. The system for determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 1, wherein said processor is further configured to:

determine the difference in the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields simultaneously emitted with each navigation magnetic field;

based on the difference in the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields simultaneously emitted with each magnetic field determine if excessive eddy current induced magnetic fields are present;

if excessive eddy current induced magnetic fields are present, assert an alarm.

9. The system for determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 1, wherein:

said transmitter assembly is further configured so that each said transmitters, when emitting surveillance magnetic fields simultaneously with the navigation magnetic field, emit the surveillance magnetic fields at power levels less than a power level at which the navigation magnetic field is emitted; and

said processor is further configured to;

adjust for differences in the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields being at lower power levels than the navigation magnetic field with which the surveillance magnetic fields are emitted to generate calibrated measurements of surveillance and navigation magnetic fields strength; and

use the calibrated measurements of magnetic field strength to determine the corrected measurement of navigation magnetic field strength.

10. The system for determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 1, wherein said processor is further configured to:

as part of the process of determining the strengths of the navigation magnetic fields and the surveillance magnetic fields that form the composite magnetic field received by sensors, adjust for sensor variations in responsiveness as a function of the frequencies of the magnetic fields received by said sensors so as to produce calibrated measurements of the strengths of the navigation magnetic fields and the surveillance magnetic fields received by said sensors; and

use the calibrated measurements of the strengths of the measurements in the strengths of the navigation magnetic fields and the surveillance magnetic fields to determine the corrected measurements of navigation magnetic field strength.

11. A method of determining the position and orientation of an object, said method including the steps of:

simultaneously emitting navigation magnetic fields from a plurality of transmitters wherein, the navigation magnetic field emitted by each transmitter is at different frequency than the navigation magnetic fields emitted by the other transmitters;

when emitting the navigation magnetic fields from the transmitters, from each transmitter, simultaneously emitting with the navigation magnetic field a plurality of surveillance magnetic fields, wherein, the surveillance magnetic fields are emitted at different frequencies and at frequencies less than the frequencies at which the transmitters emit the navigation magnetic fields wherein, the surveillance magnetic fields are emitted sequentially by the transmitters so that, after a first transmitter emits the surveillance magnetic fields, a second transmitter emits the surveillance magnetic fields;

simultaneously measuring the strengths of the magnetic fields with a plurality of sensors wherein, each sensor receives the navigation magnetic fields simultaneously emitted by the transmitters and the surveillance magnetic fields sequentially emitted by the transmitters;

determining the strengths of each navigation magnetic field and surveillance magnetic field received by each sensor;

based on the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields measured by a sensor, determining the strength of eddy current induced magnetic fields measured by the sensor as a function of field frequency;

for the navigation magnetic field emitted by a transmitted when the transmitter emits the surveillance magnetic fields, based on the strength of the eddy current induced magnetic fields as a function of field frequency and the frequency of the navigation magnetic field, determining an error value for the navigation magnetic field measured by the sensor;

for the navigation magnetic field emitted by a transmitter when the transmitter emits surveillance magnetic fields, based on the determined strength of the navigation magnetic field received by a sensor and the error value, generating a corrected measurement of navigation magnetic field strength; and

based on the corrected measurements of navigation magnetic field strength for the navigation magnetic fields emitted by the transmitters and received by the sensors, compute position and orientation data for the sensors.

12. The method of determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 11, wherein, in said step determining the strength of eddy current induced magnetic fields as a function of frequency, the strength of the eddy current induced magnetic fields as a function of frequency for a sensor is determined based on the difference in the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields measured by the sensor.

13. The method of determining the position and orientation of an object of claim 11, further including the step of:

based on the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields measured by a sensor, determining an average surveillance magnetic field strength; and

wherein, in said step of determining the error value for a navigation magnetic field measured by a sensor, determining the error value based on the average surveillance magnetic field strength of the surveillance magnetic fields emitted with the navigation magnetic field.

14. The method of determining position and orientation of an object of claim 11, wherein the surveillance magnetic fields emitted by the transmitters are emitted at the same frequencies by each transmitter.

15. The method of determining position and orientation of an object of claim 11, wherein the surveillance magnetic fields and the navigation magnetic fields emitted by the transmitters are all emitted at harmonics of a common base frequency.

16. The method of determining position and orientation of an object of claim 11, wherein the surveillance magnetic fields and the navigation magnetic fields emitted by the transmitters are all emitted at harmonics of a common base frequency and one of the surveillance magnetic fields is emitted at the first order harmonic of the base frequency.

17. The method of determining position and orientation of an object of claim 11, wherein the surveillance magnetic fields and the navigation magnetic fields emitted by the transmitters are emitted at frequencies of 300 Hz or less.

18. The method of determining position and orientation of an object of claim 11, further including the steps of:

determining the difference in strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields emitted with a navigation magnetic field that are measured by a sensor;

based on the difference in strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields measured by a sensor, determining if excessive eddy current induced magnetic fields are present;

if excessive eddy current induced magnetic fields are present, asserting an alarm.

19. The method of determining position and orientation of an object of claim 11, wherein:

in said step of emitting surveillance magnetic fields simultaneously with a navigation magnetic field from a transmitter, the transmitter emits the surveillance magnetic fields at power levels less than a power level at which the navigation magnetic field is emitted;

after said step of measuring the strengths of the magnetic fields with a sensor, calibrating the strengths of the measured fields to adjust for differences in the strengths of the surveillance magnetic fields being at lower power levels than the navigation magnetic field; and

using the calibrated measurements of magnetic field strength in the subsequent steps to determine the corrected measurement of the strength of the navigation magnetic field emitted with the surveillance magnetic fields and measured by the sensor.

20. The method of determining position and orientation of an object of claim 11, wherein:

after said step of measuring the strengths of the magnetic fields with a sensor, calibrating the strengths of the measured magnetic fields to adjust for sensor variations in responsiveness as a function of the frequencies of the received signals; and

using said calibrated measurements of magnetic field strength for the sensor in the subsequent steps to determine the corrected measurement of navigation magnetic field strength.