Plasma microreactor apparatus, sterilisation unit and analyser

• US 8,734,727 B2
• Filed: 01/06/2010
• Issued: 05/27/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 01/06/2009
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Perlemax Limited
• Original Assignee: Perlemax Limited
• Inventors: Zimmerman, William Bauer Jay, Lozano Parada, Jaime Humberto
• Primary Examiner(s): Tai, Xiuyu
• Application Number:
  US13/143,460
• Publication Number:
  US 20110286893A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,602 Days
• Field of Search: 422/186.104, 422/186.14, 422/186.07, 422/186.04, 210/748.01, 210/748.19, 210/150
• US Class Current: 422/186.14
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 19/0093 Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors laboratory containers with capillary fluid transport in microfabricated channels or chambers B01L3/5027
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00783 Laminate assemblies, i.e. the reactor comprising a stack of plates
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00853 Employing electrode arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/0086 Dimensions of the flow channels
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00891 Feeding or evacuation
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/0093 Electric or magnetic energy
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00957 Compositions or concentrations
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 13/115 characterised by the electrical circuits producing the electrical discharge
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2201/12 Plate-type dischargers
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2201/22 Constructional details of the electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2201/64 Oxygen
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 2203/0861 by plasma
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/045 in gaseous phase
• CPC Class Codes: H05H 1/46 using applied electromagnetic fields, e.g. high frequency or microwave energy H05H1/26 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H05H 1/466 using capacitive coupling means, e.g. electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: H05H 2240/10 at atmospheric pressure
• CPC Class Codes: H05H 2245/15 Ambient air; Ozonisers
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/36 Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
• CPC Class Codes: Y02W 10/33 using wind energy
• CPC Class Codes: Y02W 10/37 using solar energy

Abstract

Apparatus for the production of a product gas (eg hydrogen and ozone) comprises: a supply of reactant gas (eg oxygen and steam) (14); a pair of electrodes (24) with a space between them of less than 1 mm (28); a conduit to lead the reactant gas from the source through the space between the electrodes; a power source (26) to apply a voltage across the electrodes to dissociate the reactant gas and ultimately permit formation of product gas; and a conduit (40) to supply the product gas to an outlet. A sterilization unit for water treatment employs such apparatus and includes a fluidic oscillator to oscillate the flow of oxygen and/or ozone, and wherein said outlet comprises a plurality of orifices (42) to be submerged in said water and for the purpose of forming micro bubbles of ozone. An analyzer for detecting large organic molecules in eg air can employ the ozone generator to breakdown the large molecule into simpler and easier-to-detect-and-identify molecules.

Claims

1. Gas apparatus for the production of product gas, the apparatus comprising:

a gaseous supply of a plasmolysable reactant gas;

electrodes, with a space between them of less than 1 mm;

a first conduit to lead the reactant gas from the gaseous supply through the space between the electrodes;

a power source to apply a voltage across the electrodes to dissociate the reactant gas to an intermediate ion;

a second conduit to supply product gas resulting from recombination of intermediate ions to an outlet, wherein

the reaction time T to reach 95%, preferably 99%, of the equilibrium conversion of said intermediate ion to said product gas is less than the ambipolar diffusion time D_t for the bulk of the ions to traverse the distance from one electrode to the other, estimated by the relationship

D_t=d²/D_a

where d is the gap distance between the electrodes, or the conduit in the region of the electrodes, whichever is smaller, and D_a is the ambipolar diffusivity of the plasma;

a fluidic oscillator in one of said first and second conduits to oscillate at least the flow of product gas from said outlet;

a liquid into which said outlet opens whereby micro bubbles of said product gas are formed in said liquid;

wherein

said product gas is arranged so that a majority of the product gas dissolves before said micro bubbles reach the surface of said liquid and the outlet comprises a plurality of orifices to be submerged in the liquid for the purpose of forming micro bubbles of the product gas.

2. Gas apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which said reactant gas is oxygen or steam, and said product gas is respectively ozone or hydrogen.

3. Gas apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which said liquid is water.

4. Gas apparatus as claimed in claim 1, for the production of ozone comprising:

said supply of a plasmolysable reactant gas is a supply of a first gas comprising oxygen;

said product gas is a second gas comprising ozone.

5. Gas apparatus as claimed in claim 1, for the production of hydrogen comprising:

said supply of a plasmolysable reactant gas is a supply of a third gas comprising steam;

said product gas is a fourth gas comprising a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen.

6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, in which said gas apparatus further comprises a separation unit comprising said source of liquid being water.

7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, in which said fluidic oscillator is a fluidic diverter disposed in the second gas flow after passage between the electrodes, the diverter being supplied with a constant flow of said second gas and having two divergent passages from a jet that receives said supply, whereby the jet can exit through either passage, a control port opening into each passage which, when a flow exits said port, diverts the flow to the other passage.

8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, in which said fluidic oscillator is a fluidic diverter disposed in the fourth gas flow after passage between the electrodes, the diverter being supplied with a constant flow of said gas and having two divergent passages from a jet that receives said supply, whereby the jet can exit through either passage, a control port opening into each passage which, when a flow exits said port, diverts the flow to the other passage.

9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, in which one or more of the divergent passages is terminated by a rose comprising a first round conductor electrode having a central opening into which said divergent passage opens, a slotted rim, a second round conductor electrode spaced from said first conductor and defining therewith a chamber around said opening and bounded by said rim, the slots in said rim defining channels by which gas passing through said chamber exits the chamber, plasma being formed in said channels.

10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9, in which said rim is defined on the edge of a first circular insulating cover in which is disposed said first conductor, a second circular insulating cover being provided in which is disposed said second conductor, the edge of said second circular insulating cover butting against said rim to close said slots circumferentially and define said channels.

11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, in which a fluidic diverter is disposed in the first gas flow before passage between the electrodes, the diverter being supplied with a constant flow of said first gas and having two divergent passages from a jet that receives said supply, whereby the jet can exit through either passage, a control port opening into each passage which, when a flow exits said port, diverts the flow to the other passage.

12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, in which a fluidic diverter is disposed in the third gas flow before passage between the electrodes, the diverter being supplied with a constant flow of said gas and having two divergent passages from a jet that receives said supply, whereby the jet can exit through either passage, a control port opening into each passage which, when a flow exits said port, diverts the flow to the other passage.

13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 11, in which the control port opening into each passage is supplied with a feedback loop from the passage into which the control port opens, whereby flow to each passage oscillates.

14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, in which said supply of oxygen is a supply of air.

15. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, in which said ozone is a mixture of ozone and unconverted oxygen, and any other inclusions in the oxygen supply.

16. A water sterilisation unit, comprising apparatus as claimed in claim 7, where the output of the apparatus is arranged to bubble through water to be sterilised to form micro-bubbles.

17. The water sterilisation unit as claimed in claim 16 in which one or more of the divergent passages is terminated by a rose comprising a first round conductor electrode having a central opening into which said divergent passage opens, a slotted rim, a second round conductor electrode spaced from said first conductor and defining therewith a chamber around said opening and bounded by said rim, the slots in said rim defining channels by which gas passing through said chamber exits the chamber, plasma being formed in said channels, the unit comprising a plurality of said roses disposed at a depth in the water such that the pressure of gas in the chamber is sufficient at all times to prevent ingress of water into the chamber, and such that micro bubbles of ozone issue from the pulsating flow from said channels.

18. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which a drive circuit creates the electric field across the electrodes that generates the plasma, wherein the drive circuit comprises:

a voltage regulator to provide a DC voltage v between 1 and 50 volts;

a timer to provide a time signal at frequency f₁; and

a transformer supplied with said selectable voltage v via a switch that is switched at said frequency f₁ and producing across said electrodes an alternating voltage at voltage V₁ and frequency f₁.

19. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18, wherein said voltage V₁ is the voltage V.

20. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18, wherein the voltage V is an alternating voltage whose frequency f of oscillation is between 10/T and 1/(10T), wherein said frequency f₁ is the frequency f.

21. Apparatus as claimed in claim 12, wherein the circuit further comprises a fourth stage, comprising an impedance matching network between said first, second and third stages and said electrodes.

22. Apparatus as claimed in claim 21, wherein said impedance matching circuit is a capacitative/inductive/resistive bridge across the electrodes.

23. Apparatus as claimed in claim 22, in which the first stage is AC mains driven and comprises a voltage dropping transformer and rectifying bridge supplying a voltage regulator whose output is said selectable voltage v.

24. Apparatus as claimed in claim 11, in which each divergent passage has a pair of electrodes associated therewith, each converting the pulsating flow in each passage to plasma.