Polarized images for security

• US 8,760,517 B2
• Filed: 04/15/2011
• Issued: 06/24/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 09/27/2010
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Inventors: Sarwar, Mushtaq A., Bilbrey, Brett, Zheng, Peng
• Primary Examiner(s): Czekaj, Dave
• Assistant Examiner(s): HAQUE, MD NAZMUL
• Application Number:
  US13/088,286
• Publication Number:
  US 20120075473A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,166 Days
• Field of Search: 348141-169
• US Class Current: 348/156
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 4/00 Measuring polarisation of light
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 30/25 using polarisation techniques
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 7/557 from light fields, e.g. from plenoptic cameras
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 7/593 from stereo images
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 7/596 from three or more stereo images
• CPC Class Codes: G06V 40/166 using acquisition arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 9/37 using biometric data, e.g. fingerprints, iris scans or voice recognition
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 13/243 using three or more 2D image sensors
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 13/25 using two or more image sensors with different characteristics other than in their location or field of view, e.g. having different resolutions or colour pickup characteristics; using image signals from one sensor to control the characteristics of another sensor
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 13/271 wherein the generated image signals comprise depth maps or disparity maps

Abstract

One embodiment may take the form of a method for providing security for access to a goal including storing a first image and receiving a second image comprising polarized data. The method also includes comparing the first image with the second image to determine if the first image and the second image are substantially the same. In the event the first and second images are not substantially the same, the method includes denying access to the goal. In the event the first and second images are substantially the same, the method includes determining, utilizing the polarized information, if the second image is of a three-dimensional object. Further, in the event the second image is not of a three-dimensional object, the method includes denying access to the goal and, in the event the second image is of a three-dimensional object, permitting access to the goal.

Claims

1. A method for providing security for access to a goal comprising:

receiving a first image;

receiving a second image comprising polarized data;

comparing the first image to the second image to determine if the first image and the second image are substantially the same;

in the event the first and second images are not substantially the same, denying access to the goal;

in the event the first and second images are substantially the same, determining, utilizing the polarized information, if the second image is of a three-dimensional object,

in the event the second image is not of a three-dimensional object, denying access to the goal;

in the event the second image is of a three-dimensional object, determining if a micro-movement indicative of a human occurred between the first and second images;

in the event a micro-movement indicative of a human occurred between the first and second images, permitting access to the goal; and

otherwise, denying access to the goal.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein determining if the second image is of a three-dimensional object comprises computing at least one of a degree of linear polarization, an angle of polarization, and a surface normal.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising computing stokes parameters to compute at least one of the degree of linear polarization, the angle of polarization, and the surface normal.

4. The method of claim 2, further comprising the operations of:

determining a zenith angle of the second image;

and an azimuth angle of the second image.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the second image is a video image.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising the operations of:

analyzing the second image to detect a captured movement;

comparing the captured movement to a group of acceptable movements; and

in the event the captured movement corresponds to at least one of the group of acceptable movements, permitting access to the goal.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the operation of comparing the captured movement comprises determining if the captured movement corresponds to a respiratory movement.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the operation of comparing the captured movement comprises determining if the captured movement corresponds to a movement induced by a pulse rate.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein the operation of comparing the captured movement comprises determining if the captured movement corresponds to an eye movement.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the operation of determining if the second image is of a three-dimensional object comprises extracting surface normal data.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the operation of capturing the second image comprises generating an image having multiple polarization angles.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the operation of capturing the second image comprises utilizing a wire grid polarizer to capture the second image.

13. A security system comprising:

a polarizing image capture device;

a processor coupled to the polarizing image capture device; and

a storage device coupled to the processor and operative to store a group of stored images, wherein the processor is configured to compare images captured by the image capture device with at least one of the group of stored images;

wherein the processor is configured to determine if an image captured by the polarizing image capture device is of a three-dimensional object,

determining if a micro-movement indicative of a human occurred between the images;

in the event a micro-movement indicative of a human occurred between the images, permitting access to the goal; and

otherwise, denying access to the goal.

14. The security system of claim 13, wherein the processor is configured to compute at least one of a degree of linear polarization, an angle of polarization and a surface normal for each pixel of the captured image.

15. The security system of claim 13, wherein the polarizing image capture device comprises a wire grid polarizer.

16. The security system of claim 15, wherein the wire grid polarizer is integral to a Bayer layer.

17. The security system of claim 15, wherein the wire grid polarizer comprises:

a first block passing only light polarized at 0 degrees;

a second block passing only light polarized at 45 degrees;

a third block passing only light polarized at 90 degrees; and

a fourth block passing only light polarized at −

45 degrees;

wherein each of the blocks is physically adjacent to at least one other block.

18. The security system of claim 13, wherein the polarizing image capture device is incorporated into a digital camera.

19. A security system comprising:

a processor; and

a camera coupled to the processor, the camera comprising;

a photosensor;

a Bayer layer; and

a polarizing filter;

wherein the processor is configured to analyze images captured by the camera and determine if an object in the image is a three-dimensional object based at least in part upon variance in one of a degree of polarization, angle of polarization, and surface normal of the captured image, determining if a micro-movement indicative of a human occurred between the images;

in the event a micro-movement indicative of a human occurred between the images, permitting access to the goal; and

otherwise, denying access to the goal.

20. The security system of claim 19, wherein the camera is configured to sequentially capture multiple images of the object and wherein further the processor is configured to determine if there are differences between the multiple images indicative of human characteristics.

21. A method for providing security for access to a goal comprising:

receiving a first image;

receiving a second image comprising polarized data;

comparing the first image to the second image to determine if the first image and the second image are substantially the same;

in the event the first and second images are not substantially the same, denying access to the goal;

in the event the first and second images are substantially the same, determining, utilizing the polarized information, if the second image is of a three-dimensional object;

in the event the second image is not of a three-dimensional object, denying access to the goal; and

in the event the second image is of a three-dimensional object, determining if a micro-motion occurs between the first and second images;

in the event a micro-movement occurs, permitting access to the goal; and

in the event a micro-movement does not occur, denying access to the goal.