High-pressure electrodialysis device

• US 8,784,632 B2
• Filed: 12/15/2010
• Issued: 07/22/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 12/15/2010
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Xerox Corporation (Xerox Holdings Corp.)
• Original Assignee: Palo Alto Research Center, Inc. (Xerox Holdings Corp.)
• Inventors: Eisaman, Matthew D., Littau, Karl A., Larner, Daniel
• Primary Examiner(s): Phasge, Arun S
• Application Number:
  US12/969,465
• Publication Number:
  US 20120152747A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,315 Days
• Field of Search: 204/631, 204/633, 204/634, 204/635, 204/636
• US Class Current: 204/631
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2257/504 Carbon dioxide
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2313/143 on the feed side
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2313/146 on the permeate side
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2313/24 Specific pressurizing or depressurizing means
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2313/28 Specific concentration chambers
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2313/30 Specific dilution or de-ionizing chambers
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 2313/345 Electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/1425 Regeneration of liquid absorbents
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/1475 Removing carbon dioxide
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/62 Carbon oxides
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 53/96 Regeneration, reactivation or recycling of reactants
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 61/422 Electrodialysis
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 61/423 comprising multiple electrodialysis steps
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 61/445 with bipolar membranes; Water splitting
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 61/50 Stacks of the plate-and-frame type
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 61/52 Accessories; Auxiliary operation
• CPC Class Codes: B01D 63/085 specially adapted for two fluids in mass exchange flow
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 32/50 Carbon dioxide
• CPC Class Codes: Y02C 20/40 of CO2
• CPC Class Codes: Y02P 20/151 Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions, e.g. CO2

Abstract

An apparatus for performing electrodialysis at pressures greater than or equal to the ambient pressure is described. The apparatus includes an electrodialysis membrane stack and housing. The electrodialysis membrane stack includes at least one electrodialysis cell. The electrodialysis apparatus includes electrodes that apply voltage across the electrodialysis stack. The housing pressurizes the electrodialysis stack at a stack pressure. The housing includes a cell chamber that receives the electrodialysis stack, the cell chamber including at least one pressurization port communicating with the cell chamber such that a portion of electrode solution is transmittable into a region of the cell chamber outside the electrodialysis stack. A system for performing electrodialysis at pressures greater than ambient pressure includes at least two solution loops, an electrode solution loop, and an electrodialysis apparatus operatively connected to the solution and electrode solution loops that performs electrodialysis at a stack pressure that is greater than ambient pressure.

Claims

1. An electrodialysis apparatus comprising:

an electrodialysis stack;

a pair of electrode grates, the electrodialysis stack positioned between the pair of electrode grates;

a pair of electrodes, wherein the electrodialysis stack and the pair of electrode grates are all positioned between the pair of electrodes; and

a housing configured to pressurize the electrodialysis stack at a stack pressure, the housing including a cell chamber configured to receive the electrodialysis stack, the cell chamber including at least one pressurization port communicating with the cell chamber such that a portion of an electrode solution is transmittable into a region of the cell chamber outside the electrodialysis stack,

wherein each electrode grate of the pair of electrode grates comprises a spacing rim configured to raise the electrode grate face away from an electrode of the pair of electrodes.

2. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 1, the electrodialysis stack comprising:

two end gaskets, the two end gaskets each comprising one end gasket opening and at least four end gasket apertures; and

at least one electrodialysis cell substantially interposed between the two end gaskets, the at least one electrodialysis cell comprising;

at least two cell gaskets, the at least two cell gaskets each comprising one cell gasket opening and at least two cell gasket apertures; and

at least two ion exchange membranes, the at least two ion exchange membranes each comprising at least four membrane apertures, the at least two ion exchange membranes alternating in an axial direction with the at least two cell gaskets.

3. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 2, wherein the two end gaskets, the at least two cell gaskets, and the at least two ion exchange membranes all further comprise at least one alignment feature such that they are alignable and connectable with each other and with the housing.

4. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least two ion exchange membranes are one of a bipolar exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane, or a cation exchange membrane.

5. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 2, the electrodialysis stack further comprising at least one end ion exchange membrane substantially interposed between the two end gaskets and the at least one electrodialysis cell, the at least one end ion exchange membrane comprising at least four membrane apertures.

6. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 5, wherein the two end gaskets, the at least two cell gaskets, the at least two ion exchange membranes, and the at least one end ion exchange membrane each further comprise at least one alignment feature such that they are alignable and connectable with each other and with the housing.

7. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 5, wherein the at least one end ion exchange membrane is one of a bipolar exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane, or a cation exchange membrane.

8. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 5, the electrodialysis stack further comprising an additional cell gasket substantially interposed between the two end gaskets and the at least one electrodialysis cell, the additional cell gasket comprising one cell gasket opening and at least two cell gasket apertures.

9. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 8, wherein the two end gaskets, the at least two cell gaskets, the at least two ion exchange membranes, the at least one end ion exchange membrane, and the additional cell gasket each further comprise at least one alignment feature such that they are alignable and connectable with each other and with the housing.

10. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 8, wherein the cell gasket openings are convexly-shaped.

11. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 1, wherein the housing comprises:

a first axial support member and a second axial support member configured to be operatively connected to form the cell chamber; and

a first reinforcing member operatively connected to the first axial support member and a second reinforcing member operatively connected to the second axial support member such that the first and second axial support members are disposed between the first and second reinforcing members.

12. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 11, the first and second axial support members each comprising:

an electrode solution inlet port extending through the axial support members such that the electrode solution is transmittable into the apparatus;

an electrode solution outlet port extending through the axial support members such that the electrode solution is transmittable out of the apparatus;

at least two solution ports extending through the axial support members such that at least two solutions are transmittable into or out of the apparatus; and

an electrode stem hole extending through the axial support members such that an electrode stem is insertable through the axial support members.

13. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first and second axial support members each further comprise an electrode recess configured to receive one electrode of the pair of electrodes and one electrode grate of the pair of electrode grates.

14. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 13, wherein the electrode recess comprises at least one electrode recess alignment feature configured to substantially align the electrode grate in the electrode recess.

15. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first axial support member further comprises a cell recess configured to receive the electrodialysis stack.

16. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first and second axial support members further comprise at least one support member alignment feature configured to substantially align the electrodialysis stack with the first and second axial support members in an axial direction and to substantially align the first and second axial support members with each other.

17. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 12, wherein the electrode solution ports and the at least two solution ports are each substantially bossed through a backside of the first and second axial support members.

18. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 12, wherein the electrode solution ports each have a first length that is less than a distance to the cell chamber and a second length that is formed at an angle to the first length.

19. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first and second reinforcing members comprise:

an electrode solution inlet port hole extending through the reinforcing members such that an electrode solution can pass through the reinforcing members;

an electrode solution outlet port hole extending through the reinforcing members such that an electrode solution can pass through the reinforcing members;

at least two solution port holes extending through the reinforcing members such that at least two solutions can pass through the reinforcing members; and

an electrode stem hole extending through the reinforcing members such that an electrode stem is insertable through the reinforcing members.

20. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 19, wherein the port holes and electrode stem hole are radiused.

21. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 19, wherein the first and second reinforcing members further comprise one or more of a stress reduction cylinder and a plurality of flange adapters each substantially connected to an outer side of the reinforcing members.

22. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 1, each electrode grate of the pair of electrode grates comprising:

an electrode grate face comprising a plurality of exposure apertures configured to allow the electrode solution to flow past the electrode grate and into the cell chamber;

a spacing rim formed substantially on an underside of the electrode grate face and configured to raise the electrode grate face away from an electrode of the pair of electrodes;

at least one grate solution port formed substantially within the spacing rim and configured to allow the solution to flow under the electrode grate face; and

at least one flow diverting element formed substantially on the underside of the electrode grate face and configured to promote swirling of the electrode solution as it passes over the electrode and into the cell chamber.

23. The electrodialysis apparatus of claim 22, wherein each electrode grate of the pair of electrode grates further comprise at least one electrode grate alignment feature formed substantially on the spacing rim and configured to align the electrode grate in the housing.