Printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes

• US 8,809,126 B2
• Filed: 08/31/2011
• Issued: 08/19/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 05/31/2007
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: NthDegree Technologies Worldwide Inc.
• Original Assignee: NthDegree Technologies Worldwide Inc.
• Inventors: Lowenthal, Mark D., Ray, William Johnstone, Shotton, Neil O., Blanchard, Richard A., Lewandowski, Mark Allan, Oraw, Brad, Baldridge, Jeffrey, Perozziello, Eric Anthony
• Primary Examiner(s): VETERE, ROBERT A
• Application Number:
  US13/223,279
• Publication Number:
  US 20120161195A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,084 Days
• Field of Search: 252/100
• US Class Current: 438/127
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 20/00 Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 24/95 at chip-level, i.e. with connecting carried out on a plurality of singulated devices, i.e. on diced chips
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 25/0753 the devices being arranged next to each other
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00 Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/09701 Low temperature co-fired ceramic [LTCC]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/12041 LED
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/12042 LASER
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/13033 TRIAC - Triode for Alternating Current - A bidirectional switching device containing two thyristor structures with common gate contact
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/13034 Silicon Controlled Rectifier [SCR]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/1305 Bipolar Junction Transistor [BJT]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/1306 Field-effect transistor [FET]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/13062 Junction field-effect transistor [JFET]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/13091 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor [MOSFET]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/14 Integrated circuits
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/0203 Containers; Encapsulations , e.g. encapsulation of photodiodesfor photovoltaic devices H01L31/048; for organic photosensitive devices H10K30/80
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/035236 Superlattices; Multiple quantum well structures
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/105 the potential barrier being of the PIN type
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/1852 comprising a growth substrate not being an AIIIBV compound
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 31/1856 comprising nitride compounds, e.g. GaN
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/0093 Wafer bonding; Removal of the growth substrate
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/20 : with a particular shape, e.g. curved or truncated substrate
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/38 : with a particular shape
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/56 : Materials, e.g. epoxy or silicone resin
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 30/88 : Passivation; Containers; Encapsulations
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 50/80 : Constructional details
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 50/805 : Electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 50/84 : Passivation; Containers; Encapsulations
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 59/17 : Passive-matrix OLED displays
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 59/90 : Assemblies of multiple devices comprising at least one organic light-emitting element
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 71/00 : Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 71/13 : using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 71/15 : characterised by the solvent used
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/544 : Solar cells from Group III-V materials
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/549 : Organic PV cells

Abstract

An exemplary printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes comprises a plurality of diodes, a first solvent and/or a viscosity modifier. In other exemplary embodiments a second solvent is also included, and the composition has a viscosity substantially between about 100 cps and about 25,000 cps at about 25° C. In an exemplary embodiment, a composition comprises: a plurality of diodes or other two-terminal integrated circuits; one or more solvents comprising about 15% to 99.9% of any of N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, N-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, cyclohexanol, and mixtures thereof; a viscosity modifier comprising about 0.10% to 2.5% methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin or hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin or mixtures thereof; and about 0.01% to 2.5% of a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns.

Claims

1. A composition comprising:

a plurality of diodes, each diode of the plurality of diodes comprising;

a light emitting or absorbing region, the light emitting or absorbing region having a mesa region;

at least one first terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a first side and located peripherally to the mesa region; and

a second terminal coupled centrally to the mesa region on the first side;

wherein the diode has a lateral dimension less than about 50 microns and a height less than about 25 microns;

a first solvent; and

a viscosity modifier.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

water;

alcohols, cyclic alcohols, ethers, esters, glycols, glycerols, carbonates, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and mixtures thereof.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a diameter between about 20 to 30 microns and a height between about 5 to 15 microns.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a diameter between about 10 to 50 microns and a height between about 5 to 25 microns.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a width and length each between about 10 to 50 microns and a height between about 5 to 25 microns.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a width and length each between about 20 to 30 microns and a height between about 5 to 15 microns.

7. The composition of claim 1, further comprising:

a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns and present in an amount of about 0.1% to 2.5% by weight.

8. The composition of claim 1, further comprising:

a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 30 microns and present in an amount of about 0.1% to 2.5% by weight.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first solvent is present in an amount of about 0.3% to 50% by weight.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises at least one viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of:

a methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin, a hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin, a polyvinyl polymer, a polyvinyl copolymer, and mixtures thereof.

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the plurality of diodes are light emitting diodes or photovoltaic diodes.

12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier is present in an amount of about 0.30% to 5% by weight.

13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier is present in an amount of about 0.10% to 3% by weight.

14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises at least one viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of:

clays, saccharides, polysaccharides, celluloses, modified celluloses, acrylate polymers and copolymers, (meth)acrylate polymers and copolymers, polyvinyl polymers and copolymers, polyethylene polymers and copolymers, ethers, esters, acetates, glycols, glycerols, fumed silica, silica powders, modified ureas, and mixtures thereof.

15. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a second solvent different from the first solvent.

16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the second solvent is at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

water;

alcohols, cyclic alcohols, ethers, esters, glycols, glycerols, carbonates, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and mixtures thereof.

17. The composition of claim 15, wherein the second solvent is at least one dibasic ester.

18. The composition of claim 15, wherein the second solvent comprises a solvating agent or a wetting solvent.

19. The composition of claim 15, wherein the second solvent comprises:

dimethyl glutarate; and

dimethyl succinate;

wherein the ratio of dimethyl glutarate to dimethyl succinate is about two to one (2;

1).

20. The composition of claim 15, wherein the second solvent is present in an amount of about 0.1% to 10% by weight.

21. The composition of claim 15, wherein the second solvent is present in an amount of about 10% to 50% by weight.

22. The composition of claim 15, wherein the first solvent comprises N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 5% to 50% by weight;

wherein the viscosity modifier comprises methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin or hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 0.10% to 5.0% by weight;

wherein the second solvent comprises N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 0.3% to 50% by weight.

23. The composition of claim 15, wherein the first solvent comprises N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 5% to 30% by weight;

wherein the viscosity modifier comprises methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin or hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 1.0% to 3.0% by weight;

wherein the second solvent comprises N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 0.2% to 8.0% by weight; and

wherein the balance of the composition further comprises water.

24. The composition of claim 23, further comprising:

a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns and present in an amount of about 0.1% to 2.5% by weight.

25. The composition of claim 15, wherein the first solvent comprises N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 40% to 60% by weight;

wherein the viscosity modifier comprises methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin or hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 0.10% to 1.5% by weight;

wherein the second solvent comprises N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 40% to 60% by weight.

26. The composition of claim 25, further comprising:

a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns and present in an amount of about 0.1% to 2.5% by weight.

27. The composition of claim 15, wherein the first solvent comprises about 15% to 40% by weight of N-propanol, terpineol or diethylene glycol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof;

wherein the viscosity modifier comprises about 1.25% to 2.5% by weight of methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin or hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin or mixtures thereof;

wherein the second solvent comprises about 0.5% to 10% by weight of a nonpolar resin solvent; and

wherein the balance of the composition further comprises water.

28. The composition of claim 15, wherein the first solvent comprises about 17.5% to 22.5% by weight of N-propanol, terpineol or diethylene glycol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof;

wherein the viscosity modifier comprises about 1.5% to 2.25% by weight of methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin or hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin or mixtures thereof;

wherein the second solvent comprises about 0.01% to 6.0% by weight of at least one dibasic ester;

wherein the balance of the composition further comprises water; and

wherein the viscosity of the composition is substantially between about 5,000 cps to about 20,000 cps at 25°

C.

29. The composition of claim 15, wherein the first solvent comprises about 20% to 40% by weight of N-propanol, terpineol or diethylene glycol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof;

wherein the viscosity modifier comprises about 1.25% to 1.75% by weight of methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin or hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin or mixtures thereof;

wherein the second solvent comprises about 0.01% to 6.0% by weight of at least one dibasic ester;

wherein the balance of the composition further comprises water; and

wherein the viscosity of the composition is substantially between about 1,000 cps to about 5,000 cps at 25°

C.

30. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity substantially between about 100 cps and about 25,000 cps at about 25°

C.

31. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity substantially between about 1,000 cps and about 10,000 cps at about 25°

C.

32. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a viscosity substantially between about 10,000 cps and about 25,000 cps at about 25°

C.

33. The composition of claim 1, wherein the light emitting or absorbing region of the diode comprises GaN and has a shape selected from the group consisting of:

substantially hexagonal, substantially square, substantially triangular, substantially rectangular, substantially lobed, substantially stellate, substantially toroidal, and combinations thereof.

34. The diode of claim 1, wherein the light emitting or absorbing region of each diode of the plurality of diodes has a surface texture selected from the group consisting of:

a plurality of circular rings, a plurality of substantially curvilinear trapezoids, a plurality of parallel stripes, a stellate pattern, and combinations thereof.

35. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a diameter between about 20 to 30 microns and a height between 5 to 15 microns, and wherein a contact of the second terminal is spaced apart from at least one contact of the at least one first terminal by about 2 to 5 microns in the height dimension.

36. The composition of claim 35, wherein the at least one first terminal is between about 0.5 to 2 microns in height and the second terminal is between about 1 to 8 microns in height.

37. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a diameter between about 10 to 50 microns and a height between 5 to 25 microns, wherein a contact of the second metal terminal is spaced apart from at least one contact of the at least one first terminal by about 1 to 7 microns in the height dimension.

38. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has at least one metal via structure extending between at least one p+ or n+ GaN layer on a first side of the diode to a second side of the diode.

39. The composition of claim 38, wherein the metal via structure comprises a central via, a peripheral via, or a perimeter via.

40. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes is less than about 30 microns in any dimension.

41. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes is substantially hexagonal, is about 20 to 30 microns in diameter measured opposing face-to-face, and is about 5 to 15 microns in height.

42. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a plurality of lateral sides which are less than about 10 microns in height.

43. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a plurality of lateral sides which are between about 2.5 to 6 microns in height.

44. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a plurality of lateral sides which are substantially sigmoidal and terminate in a curved point.

45. The composition of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier further comprises an adhesive viscosity modifier.

46. The composition of claim 1, wherein the viscosity modifier, when dried or cured, forms a polymer or resin lattice or structure substantially about the periphery of each diode of the plurality of diodes.

47. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is visually opaque when wet and substantially optically clear when dried or cured.

48. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a contact angle greater than about 25 degrees or greater than about 40 degrees.

49. The composition of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes comprises at least one inorganic semiconductor selected from the group consisting of:

silicon, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN), GaP, InAlGaP, AlInGaAs, InGaNAs, AlInGaSb, and mixtures thereof.

50. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has a relative evaporation rate less than one, wherein the evaporation rate is relative to butyl acetate having a rate of one.

51. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first solvent comprises cyclohexanol.

52. The composition of claim 1, wherein the light emitting or absorbing region of each diode, of the plurality of diodes, has a lateral dimension less than about 50 microns and a height between 2.5 to 7 microns.

53. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one first terminal of each diode, of the plurality of diodes, further comprises a plurality of first terminals, the plurality of first terminals spaced apart from each other and coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region peripherally to the mesa region on the first side, and wherein each first terminal of the plurality of first terminals has a height between about 0.5 to 2 microns.

54. The composition of claim 1, wherein a contact of the second terminal of each diode, of the plurality of diodes, is spaced apart from a contact of the at least one first terminal by about 2 to 5 microns in height.

55. The composition of claim 1, wherein a contact of the second terminal of each diode, of the plurality of diodes, is spaced apart from a contact of the at least one first terminal by about 1 to 7 microns in height.

56. The composition of claim 1, wherein the second terminal of each diode, of the plurality of diodes, has a height between about 1 to 8 microns.

57. The diode of claim 1, wherein the second terminal and the light emitting or absorbing region of each diode, of the plurality of diodes, further comprise nitride passivation on a plurality of lateral sides.

58. A composition comprising:

a plurality of diodes, each diode of the plurality of diodes comprising;

a light emitting or absorbing region, the light emitting or absorbing region having a mesa region;

at least one first terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a first side and located peripherally to the mesa region; and

a second terminal coupled centrally to the mesa region on the first side;

wherein the diode has a lateral dimension less than about 50 microns and a height less than about 25 microns;

a first solvent; and

a viscosity modifier;

wherein the composition has a viscosity substantially about 100 cps to about 25,000 cps at about 25°

C.

59. The composition of claim 58, wherein the first solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

water;

alcohols cyclic alcohols, ethers, esters, glycols, glycerols, carbonates, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and mixtures thereof.

60. The composition of claim 58, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a diameter between about 10 to 50 microns and a height between about 5 to 25 microns.

61. The composition of claim 58, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a width and length each between about 10 to 50 microns and a height between about 5 to 25 microns.

62. The composition of claim 58, further comprising:

a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns and present in an amount of about 0.1% to 2.5% by weight.

63. The composition of claim 58, wherein the first solvent is present in an amount of about 0.3% to 50% by weight.

64. The composition of claim 58, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises at least one viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of:

a methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin, a hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin, a polyvinyl polymer, a polyvinyl copolymer, and mixtures thereof.

65. The composition of claim 58, wherein the viscosity modifier is present in an amount of about 0.30% to 5% by weight.

66. The composition of claim 58, wherein the viscosity modifier is present in an amount of about 0.10% to 3% by weight.

67. The composition of claim 58, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises at least one viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of:

clays, saccharides, polysaccharides, celluloses, modified celluloses, acrylate polymers and copolymers, (meth)acrylate polymers and copolymers, polyvinyl polymers and copolymers, polyethylene polymers and copolymers, ethers, esters, acetates, glycols, glycerols, fumed silica, silica powders, modified ureas, and mixtures thereof.

68. The composition of claim 58, further comprising a second solvent different from the first solvent.

69. The composition of claim 68, wherein the second solvent is at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

water;

alcohols, cyclic alcohols, ethers, esters, glycols, glycerols, carbonates, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and mixtures thereof.

70. The composition of claim 68, wherein the second solvent is at least one dibasic ester.

71. The composition of claim 68, wherein the second solvent is present in an amount of about 0.1% to 50% by weight.

72. The composition of claim 68, wherein the first solvent comprises N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 5% to 60% by weight;

wherein the viscosity modifier comprises methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin or hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 0.10% to 5.0% by weight;

wherein the second solvent comprises N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 0.3% to 60% by weight.

73. The composition of claim 72, further comprising:

a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns and present in an amount of about 0.1% to 2.5% by weight.

74. The composition of claim 58, wherein the composition has a viscosity substantially between about 1,000 cps and about 10,000 cps at about 25°

C.

75. The composition of claim 58, wherein the composition has a viscosity substantially between about 10,000 cps and about 25,000 cps at about 25°

C.

76. The composition of claim 58, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a diameter between about 20 to 30 microns and a height between 5 to 15 microns, and wherein a contact of the second terminal is spaced apart from at least one contact of the at least one first terminal by about 2 to 5 microns in the height dimension.

77. The composition of claim 76, wherein the at least one first terminal is between about 0.5 to 2 microns in height and the second terminal is between about 1 to 8 microns in height.

78. The composition of claim 58, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a diameter between about 10 to 50 microns and a height between 5 to 25 microns, and wherein a contact of the second terminal is spaced apart from at least one contact of the at least one first terminal by about 1 to 7 microns in the height dimension.

79. The composition of claim 58, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes is greater than about 5 microns in any dimension.

80. The composition of claim 58, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes is substantially hexagonal, is about 20 to 30 microns in diameter measured opposing face-to-face, and is about 5 to 15 microns in height.

81. The composition of claim 58, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a plurality of lateral sides which are less than about 10 microns in height.

82. The composition of claim 58, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a plurality of lateral sides which are substantially sigmoidal and terminate in a curved point.

83. The composition of claim 58, wherein the plurality of diodes are light emitting diodes or photovoltaic diodes.

84. The composition of claim 58, wherein the first solvent comprises cyclohexanol.

85. The composition of claim 58, wherein the at least one first terminal of each diode, of the plurality of diodes, further comprises a plurality of first terminals, the plurality of first terminals spaced apart from each other and coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region peripherally to the mesa region on the first side, and wherein each first terminal of the plurality of first terminals has a height between about 0.5 to 2 microns.

86. The composition of claim 58, wherein a contact of the second terminal of each diode, of the plurality of diodes, is spaced apart from a contact of the at least one first terminal by about 1 to 7 microns in height.

87. A composition comprising:

a plurality of diodes, each diode of the plurality of diodes comprising;

a light emitting or absorbing region, the light emitting or absorbing region having a mesa region;

at least one first terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a first side and located peripherally to the mesa region; and

a second terminal coupled centrally to the mesa region on the first side;

wherein the diode has a lateral dimension less than about 50 microns and a height less than about 25 microns;

a first solvent;

a second solvent different from the first solvent; and

a viscosity modifier;

wherein the composition has a viscosity substantially about 50 cps to about 25,000 cps at about 25°

C.

88. The composition of claim 87, wherein the first solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

water;

alcohols, cyclic alcohols, ethers, esters, glycols, glycerols, carbonates, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and mixtures thereof.

89. The composition of claim 87, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a diameter between about 10 to 50 microns and a height between about 5 to 25 microns.

90. The composition of claim 87, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a width and length each between about 10 to 50 microns and a height between about 5 to 25 microns.

91. The composition of claim 87, further comprising:

a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns and present in an amount of about 0.1% to 2.5% by weight.

92. The composition of claim 87, wherein the first solvent is present in an amount of about 0.3% to 60% by weight and the second solvent is present in an amount of about 0.3% to 60% by weight.

93. The composition of claim 87, wherein the viscosity modifier is present in an amount of about 0.10% to 5% by weight and wherein the viscosity modifier comprises at least one viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of:

a methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin, a hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin, a polyvinyl polymer, a polyvinyl copolymer, and mixtures thereof.

94. The composition of claim 87, wherein the viscosity modifier comprises at least one viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of:

clays, saccharides, polysaccharides, celluloses, modified celluloses, acrylate polymers and copolymers, (meth)acrylate polymers and copolymers, polyvinyl polymers and copolymers, polyethylene polymers and copolymers, ethers, esters, acetates, glycols, glycerols, fumed silica, silica powders, modified ureas, and mixtures thereof.

95. The composition of claim 87, wherein the second solvent is at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

water;

alcohols, cyclic alcohols, ethers, esters, glycols, glycerols, carbonates, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and mixtures thereof.

96. The composition of claim 87, wherein the first solvent comprises N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 5% to 60% by weight;

wherein the viscosity modifier comprises methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin or hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 0.10% to 5.0% by weight;

wherein the second solvent comprises N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol, or mixtures thereof, and present in an amount of about 0.3% to 60% by weight.

97. The composition of claim 87, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a plurality of lateral sides which are less than about 10 microns in height, are substantially sigmoidal and terminate in a curved point.

98. The composition of claim 87, wherein the plurality of diodes are light emitting diodes or photovoltaic diodes.

99. The composition of claim 87, wherein the first solvent comprises cyclohexanol.

100. The composition of claim 87, wherein the at least one first terminal of each diode, of the plurality of diodes, further comprises a plurality of first terminals, the plurality of first terminals spaced apart from each other and coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region peripherally to the mesa region on the first side, and wherein each first terminal of the plurality of first terminals has a height between about 0.5 to 2 microns.

101. The composition of claim 87, wherein a contact of the second terminal of each diode, of the plurality of diodes, is spaced apart from a contact of the at least one first terminal by about 1 to 7 microns in height.

102. A composition comprising:

a plurality of diodes, each diode of the plurality of diodes comprising;

a light emitting or absorbing region, the light emitting or absorbing region having a mesa region;

at least one first terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a first side and located peripherally to the mesa region; and

a second terminal coupled centrally to the mesa region on the first side;

wherein the diode has a lateral dimension less than about 50 microns and a height less than about 25 microns; and

cyclohexanol; and

a viscosity modifier to provide a viscosity of the composition substantially between about 100 cps and about 20,000 cps at about 25°

C.

103. A composition comprising:

a plurality of diodes, each diode of the plurality of diodes comprising;

a light emitting or absorbing region, the light emitting or absorbing region having a mesa region;

at least one first terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a first side and located peripherally to the mesa region; and

a second terminal coupled centrally to the mesa region on the first side;

wherein the diode has a lateral dimension less than about 50 microns and a height less than about 25 microns;

a first solvent selected from the group consisting of;

N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, cyclohexanol, and mixtures thereof;

at least one viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of;

methoxy propyl methylcellulose resin, hydroxy propyl methylcellulose resin, a polyvinyl polymer, a polyvinyl copolymer, and mixtures thereof; and

a second solvent different from the first solvent, the second solvent selected from the group consisting of;

N-propanol, isopropanol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-octanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, cyclohexanol, and mixtures thereof.

104. The composition of claim 103, wherein the first solvent comprises cyclohexanol.