System and method for radio-frequency fingerprinting as a security layer in RFID devices

• US 8,810,404 B2
• Filed: 04/01/2011
• Issued: 08/19/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 04/08/2010
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: The United States of America As Represented By The Secretary of Agriculture
• Original Assignee: the united states of america as represented by the secretary of the navy
• Inventors: Bertoncini, Crystal A., Rudd, Kevin E., Nousain, Bryan D., Hinders, Mark K.
• Primary Examiner(s): Bugg, George
• Assistant Examiner(s): AKKI, MUNEAR T
• Application Number:
  US13/078,125
• Publication Number:
  US 20110248827A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,236 Days
• Field of Search: 340/572.1, 340/10.1, 382/207, 382/240, 375/240.19
• US Class Current: 340/572.4
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 19/07354 by biometrically sensitive means, e.g. fingerprint sensitive fingerprint sensors in general G06V40/12; biometrically activated access control G07C9/25
• CPC Class Codes: H04K 1/00 Secret communication
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/805 Lightweight hardware, e.g. radio-frequency identification [RFID] or sensor
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 9/3226 using a predetermined code, e.g. password, passphrase or PIN network architectures or network communication protocols for supporting authentication of entities using passwords in a packet data network H04L63/083
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 12/06 Authentication
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 12/79 Radio fingerprint

Abstract

A system and method for authenticating a radio-frequency identification tags based on the features of the modulation features of the RFID signal. Dynamic wavelet fingerprint features are extracted from the signal by applying a wavelet transform to the signal to determine wavelet coefficients at a plurality of times and frequency scale values, creating a binary image from the wavelet coefficients, and measuring image features of at least one fingerprint object in the binary image. The measured features of the binary image fingerprint objects are compared to a database of features for the signal'"'"'s EPC to authenticate the RFID tag.

Claims

1. A method for determining authenticity of a radio frequency identification tag encoded with an EPC, the method comprising:

receiving a signal from the radio frequency identification tag;

extracting features from the signal, wherein said extracting features includes

applying a wavelet transform to the signal to determine wavelet coefficients at a plurality of times and frequency scale values,

slicing the wavelet coefficients at different amplitudes and projecting the resulting slices onto a time-scale plane or a time-frequency plane to create binary images consisting of on and off pixels,

segmenting each binary image into a plurality of regions for further analysis, each region having at least one concentric loop, and

measuring image features of the regions in each binary image; and

comparing the measured image features to a database of features for the signal'"'"'s EPC to classify the RFID tag as being authentic or not authentic.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the measured image features include at least one of area, perimeter, coordinates of pixels, centroid, eccentricity of an ellipse corresponding to the second moment of a fingerprint object in the binary image, diameter of a circle with the same area as the fingerprint object, a Euler number of the fingerprint object, the extent of the fingerprint object, the filled area of the fingerprint object, solidarity, central area, normalized second central moment, inclination of a major axis of the ellipse relative to a horizontal axis, and a polynomial coefficients of a 2^nd or 4^th order polynomial fit to a boundary of the fingerprint object.

3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

storing the RFID tag signal; and

querying the database to determine which features to extract from the signal.

4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

low pass filtering the signal before said applying the wavelet transform.

5. The method according to claim 3, wherein said low pass filtering includes applying a stationary wavelet transform to the signal and removing at least a first detail.

6. The method according to claim 3, wherein said low pass filtering includes applying a stationary wavelet transform to the signal and removing the first five details.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said extracting features includes determining statistical features for the signal, the statistical features including at least one of the mean of the EPC, the maximum correlation of the signal with another EPC from the same tag, the variance of the signal, the Shannon entropy, the second central moment, skewness, and kurtosis.

8. A method for measuring and storing dynamic wavelet fingerprint features of an RFID tag for authenticating the RFID tag, the method comprising:

receiving a signal from a radio frequency identification tag encoded with an identifying code;

extracting features from the signal, wherein said extracting features includes

applying a wavelet transform to the signal to determine wavelet coefficients at a plurality of times and frequency scale values, a binary image from the

slicing the wavelet coefficients at different amplitudes and projecting the resulting slices onto a time-scale plane or a time-frequency plane to create binary images consisting of on and off pixels,

segmenting each binary image into a plurality of regions for further analysis, each region having at least one concentric loop, and

measuring a plurality of image features of the regions; and

storing the RFID EPC and the measured plurality of image features in an authentication database of RFID tag information for use in authenticating the RFID tag.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the plurality of image features includes at least one of area, perimeter, coordinates of pixels, centroid, eccentricity of an ellipse corresponding to the second moment of a fingerprint object in the binary image, diameter of a circle with the same area as the fingerprint object, a Euler number of the fingerprint object, the extent of the fingerprint object, the filled area of the fingerprint object, solidarity, central area, normalized second central moment, inclination of a major axis of the ellipse relative to a horizontal axis, and a polynomial coefficients of a 2^nd or 4^th order polynomial fit to a boundary of the fingerprint object.

10. The method according to claim 8, further comprising:

determining statistical features for the signal, the statistical features including at least one of the mean of the EPC, the maximum correlation of the signal with another EPC from the same tag, the variance of the signal, the Shannon entropy, the second central moment, skewness, and kurtosis; and

storing the statistical features in the authentication database.

11. The method according to claim 8, further comprising:

selecting a smaller number of the plurality of image features for use in authenticating the RFID tag.

12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:

storing the selected features in the authentication database.

13. The method according to claim 11, further comprising:

storing the selected features in the authentication database, and not storing unselected features in the authentication database.

14. The method according to claim 11, wherein said selecting includes linearly interpolating the image feature values over time, normalizing the linearly interpolated image feature values, and using a Euclidean distance metric for the linearly interpolated image feature values to identify features with a highly separable interclass distance as the selected features.

15. A radio frequency identification tag reader for authenticating a radio frequency identification tag, the radio frequency identification tag reader having a processor programmed with instructions, said instructions configured for:

receiving a signal from the radio frequency identification tag;

extracting features from the signal, wherein said extracting features includes

applying a wavelet transform to the signal to determine wavelet coefficients at a plurality of times and frequency scale values,

slicing the wavelet coefficients at different amplitudes and projecting the resulting slices onto a time-scale plane or a time-frequency plane to create binary images consisting of on and off pixels,

segmenting each binary image into a plurality of regions for further analysis, each region having at least one concentric loop, and

measuring image features of the regions in the binary image; and

comparing the measured image features to an authentication database of features specific to the RFID EPC to classify the RFID tag as being authentic or not authentic.

16. The radio frequency identification tag reader of claim 15, wherein the measured image features include at least one of area, perimeter, coordinates of pixels, centroid, eccentricity of an ellipse corresponding to the second moment of a fingerprint object in the binary image, diameter of a circle with the same area as the fingerprint object, a Euler number of the fingerprint object, the extent of the fingerprint object, the filled area of the fingerprint object, solidarity, central area, normalized second central moment, inclination of a major axis of the ellipse relative to a horizontal axis, and a polynomial coefficients of a 2^nd or 4^th order polynomial fit to a boundary of the fingerprint object.