Unattended spatial sensing

• US 8,830,316 B2
• Filed: 10/01/2010
• Issued: 09/09/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 10/01/2010
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Brimrose Technology Corporation
• Original Assignee: Brimrose Technology Corporation
• Inventors: Jin, Feng, Jia, Yingqing, Vishnyakov, Sergey, Stanislavsky, Vladimir, Trivedi, Sudhir B., Rosemeier, Ronald G., Winkelman, Richard A., Gephart, Robert
• Primary Examiner(s): AN, SHAWN S
• Application Number:
  US12/896,767
• Publication Number:
  US 20120081545A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,439 Days
• Field of Search: 348/141, 348/135, 348/143, 348/164
• US Class Current: 348/141
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/005 coordinate measuring machines
• CPC Class Codes: G01B 11/022 by means of tv-camera scanning
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 5/33 Transforming infrared radiation cameras or camera modules for generating image signals from infrared radiation H04N23/20; circuitry of SSIS for transforming infrared radiation into image signals H04N25/20
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 7/18 Closed-circuit television [CCTV] systems, i.e. systems in which the video signal is not broadcast
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 7/181 for receiving images from a plurality of remote sources

Abstract

An unattended ground sensor system includes a sensor to produce pixel data from a radiating target within its field of view. The detection of such a target is implemented detectors in the sensor other than those used for imaging. Once a target has been detected, the sensor collects a linear array of pixels data at each sampling period throughout the time interval during which the target is within the field of view of the sensor. The linear arrays of pixels are transmitted to a location remote from the sensor, where they are analyzed to classify and identify the target and an alert is issued to applicable personnel when the classification and identification of the target warrants such.

Claims

1. A spatial sensing apparatus comprising:

optics defining an optical path so as to distribute electromagnetic radiation intercepted thereby over an image plane;

a detector array to produce electrical signals proportional to the distribution of the electromagnetic radiation over the image plane;

a processor electrically coupled to the detector array to produce an image from the electrical signals upon a positive determination that the distribution of the electromagnetic radiation over the image plane is other than a predetermined excluded spatial distribution thereof; and

a data storage unit to store the image such that the image is retrievable therefrom.

2. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein detectors in the detector array are disposed on the image plane in a spatial distribution complementary to the excluded spatial distribution of electromagnetic radiation.

3. The apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein the spatial distribution of detectors in the detector array excludes impingement by the distribution of the electromagnetic radiation of a predetermined class of electromagnetic radiators upon the detector array being positioned in space in accordance with a predetermined alignment criterion.

4. The apparatus as recited in claim 3 further comprising:

a housing to enclose the optics and the detector array, the housing having formed therein an opening through which the electromagnetic radiation is communicated to the optics, the detector array being aligned in the opening through the optics in a predetermined alignment; and

a sighting mechanism selectively coupled to the housing in accordance with the predetermined alignment of the detector array in the opening to position the detector array in accordance with the predetermined alignment criterion.

5. The apparatus as recited in claim 4, wherein the sighting mechanism is calibrated to align a predetermined detector of the detector array to a position in space sighted therethrough as the alignment criterion.

6. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the detector array produces an image set of the electrical signals proportional to the electromagnetic radiation impinging an imaging area of the image plane and a signaling set of the electrical signals proportional to the electromagnetic radiation impinging a signaling area of the image plane.

7. The apparatus as recited in claim 6, wherein the processor determines from the signaling set of electrical signals whether other than the excluded distribution of electromagnetic radiation impinges the image plane.

8. The apparatus as recited in claim 7 further comprising:

a linear array of detectors in the detector array disposed in the imaging area to generate the imaging set of the electrical signals; and

at least one sentinel detector in the detector array disposed in the signaling area to generate the signaling set of the electrical signals.

9. The apparatus as recited in claim 8, further comprising:

a read circuit to generate respective numerical values proportional to the imaging set of the electrical signals for each period of a sampling signal, the processor assigning values corresponding to the numerical values to respective pixels of a line image for each period of the sampling signal.

10. The apparatus as recited in claim 9 further comprising:

an image processor to assemble a two-dimensional image from a selected plurality of the line images.

11. The apparatus as recited in claim 9 further comprising:

a buffer to store line images over successive periods of the sampling signal, the buffer being selectively sized to store a number of the line images not to exceed available bandwidth of a predetermined communication channel over which the line images are conveyed.

12. The apparatus as recited in claim 11, wherein the buffer is variably sized in accordance with the available bandwidth at the time the line images are conveyed.

13. The apparatus as recited in claim 8, wherein an active area of the detectors in the linear array of detectors is less than 1 mm².

14. The apparatus as recited in claim 8 further comprising:

an external sentinel detector to receive the electromagnetic radiation through an optical system separated from the optical path defined by the optics; and

an event timer to determine a relative time between a change in the distribution of electromagnetic radiation in the external sentinel detector and a change in the distribution of electromagnetic radiation in the detector array, wherein the processor determines at least one spatial characteristic of a target emitting the electromagnetic radiation with respect to the optical path.

15. The apparatus as recited in claim 14, wherein the processor determines a distance to the target and a velocity of the target.

16. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 further comprising:

a controller to select a set of sentinel detectors from the detector array, electrical signals from which determine whether the electromagnetic radiation distributed over the image plane is other than the excluded distribution.

17. The apparatus as recited in claim 16 further comprising:

a communication device to receive an instruction from a remote device indicating the set of the sentinel detectors, the controller receiving the instruction and selecting the set of detectors in accordance therewith.

18. The apparatus as recited in claim 16, wherein the sentinel detectors are selected from a linear array thereof separated from an imaging array in the detector array by a predetermined distance.

19. The apparatus as recited in claim 16, wherein the sentinel detectors are selected from a two dimensional array of like detectors.

20. The apparatus as recited in claim 19, wherein the sentinel detectors are selected in accordance with predetermined rules associated with a region of interest from which the electromagnetic radiation is emitted.

21. The apparatus as recited in claim 1 further comprising:

a communication device by which the image, once retrieved by the processor, is transmitted to a remote location.

22. The apparatus as recited in claim 21, wherein the processor includes a quantizer to reduce a size of the stored image prior to transmitting to the remote location.

23. The apparatus as recited in claim 22, wherein the stored image comprises a plurality of pixel values of a predetermined word length and the quantizer reduces the word length of the pixel values prior to transmission to the remote location.

24. The apparatus as recited in claim 23, wherein the processor performs at least one data processing operation on the pixel values prior to the quantizer reducing the word length of the pixel values.

25. The apparatus as recited in claim 24, wherein the at least one data processing operation includes classifying a target from the image.

26. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the processor determines whether the distribution of electromagnetic energy over the image plane is other than the exclude distribution prior to producing the image.

27. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the excluded distribution is established to correspond to an excluded class of target.

28. The apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the optics comprises:

a concave primary mirror aligned on an axis of the optical path; and

a secondary mirror in opposing spatial relationship with the primary mirror to reflect the electromagnetic radiation focused thereby onto the detector array.

29. The apparatus as recited in claim 28, wherein the secondary mirror is an elongated planar mirror having an oblong central portion and at least one planar lobe extending transversely therefrom.

30. The apparatus as recited in claim 29, wherein the oblong central portion of the secondary mirror is aligned on the optical path to an imaging area of the detector array and the planar lobe of the secondary mirror is aligned on the optical path to a signaling area of the detector array.

31. The apparatus as recited in claim 29, wherein the secondary mirror is symmetrical about the longitudinal axis thereof and nonsymmetrical about the transverse axis thereof.

32. A spatial sensing system comprising:

a sensor to produce an image indicative of a distribution of electromagnetic energy emitted from a target in the field of view thereof, the image being produced upon a positive determination that a spatiotemporal distribution of the electromagnetic radiation over an image plane of the sensor is other than a predetermined excluded spatial distribution thereof;

a communication system to transmit an alert upon a positive determination that the target in the field of view of the sensor is a member of a predetermined class of targets; and

a receiving device to receive the transmitted alert.

33. The system as recited in claim 32, wherein the transmitted alert includes the image produced by the sensor.

34. The system as recited in claim 33 further comprising:

a processor electrically coupled to the sensor to produce the image from electrical signals generated by a detector array in the sensor, the produced image comprising a plurality of pixels assigned numeric values of a predetermined word length.

35. The system as recited in claim 33, wherein the processor quantizes the image to reduce the word length of the numeric pixel values prior to the transmission of the image with the alert.

36. The system as recited in claim 35, wherein the processor performs at least one data processing operation on the image prior to quantizing the pixel values thereof.

37. The system as recited in claim 36 further comprising:

a classifier to determine whether the target in the field of view of the sensor is the member of the class of targets.

38. The system as recited in claim 37, wherein the classifier is deployed in the sensor and the determination thereby of whether the target is a member of the class of targets is the data processing operation performed prior to quantizing the pixel values.

39. The system as recited in claim 38, wherein the alert includes a data field indicative of a classification of the target.

40. The system as recited in claim 32, wherein the sensor produces the image from a plurality of temporally displaced line images.

41. The system as recited in claim 40 further comprising:

a buffer to store the temporarily spaced line images, the buffer being selectively sized to store a number of the line images not to exceed available bandwidth of a communication channel over which the line images are conveyed.

42. The apparatus as recited in claim 41, wherein the buffer is variably sized in accordance with the available bandwidth at the time the line images are conveyed.

43. The system as recited in claim 32 further comprising:

a maintenance port electrically coupled to the sensor to receive configuration data thereat via the communication system.

44. The system as recited in claim 43, wherein the configuration data includes a designation of at least one detector in the sensor by which the determination that the spatiotemporal distribution of the electromagnetic radiation over the image plane thereof is other than the excluded spatial distribution thereof.

45. A method of monitoring a region of interest in a field of view of an optical sensor for target activity, the method comprising:

establishing at least one class of targets for which an alert is to be issued upon a positive determination that a member of the class is within the field of view of the optical sensor;

providing the optical sensor with a detector array to produce an image indicative of a distribution of the electromagnetic radiation over an image plane thereof upon a positive determination that the distribution of the electromagnetic radiation is not that corresponding to an excluded class of targets;

positioning the optical sensor in space to intercept the electromagnetic radiation such that the production of the image indicative of distribution of the electromagnetic radiation corresponding to the excluded class of targets is inhibited;

determining whether the image produced by the positioned optical sensor corresponds to the member of the class of targets; and

transmitting the alert to a terminal device upon the positive determination that the image corresponds to the member of the class of targets.

46. The method as recited in claim 45 further comprising:

forming a linear array of pixels at each of a plurality of sample periods upon a positive determination that the distribution of electromagnetic radiation is not that corresponding to the excluded class of targets;

assembling a two-dimensional image from the linear array of pixels collected over a set of the sample periods; and

determining whether a distribution of pixel values in the two-dimensional image corresponds to the member of the class of targets.

47. The method as recited in claim 46 further comprising:

quantizing the pixel values in the two-dimensional image to reduce a data word length thereof; and

transmitting the quantized two-dimensional image with the alert.

48. The method as recited in claim 47 further comprising:

performing at least one data processing operation on the pixels of the two-dimensional image prior to the quantizing of the pixel values.

49. A method of monitoring a region of interest in a field of view of an optical sensor for target activity, the method comprising:

establishing at least one class of targets for which an image is to be transmitted upon a positive determination that a member of the class is within the field of view of the optical sensor;

providing the optical sensor with a detector array to produce the image from a plurality of line images corresponding to a spatiotemporal distribution of the electromagnetic radiation over an image plane thereof upon a positive determination that the distribution of the electromagnetic radiation is not that corresponding to an excluded class of targets;

assembling a set of the line images of the image in accordance with available bandwidth of a communication channel over which the image is to be conveyed; and

transmitting the set of line images to a terminal device such that the available bandwidth is not exceeded thereby.

50. The method as recited in claim 49, further comprising:

storing the set of line images corresponding to the available bandwidth in a buffer; and

flushing the buffer independently of whether the set of the line images transmitted to the terminal device is equal in number to the plurality of line images in the image.

51. The method as recited in claim 50 further comprising:

determining whether the set of line images in the buffer is equal in number to a predetermined occupancy level thereof upon a positive determination that the distribution of electromagnetic radiation over the image plane corresponds to other than an image acquisition termination criterion; and

establishing that the set of the line images is fewer in number than the plurality of line images in the image upon a positive determination that the buffer is below the predetermined occupancy level and the distribution of electromagnetic radiation over the image plane meets the image acquisition termination criterion.

52. The method as recited in claim 51 further comprising:

establishing a first requirement by which the image acquisition termination criterion is met;

determining whether the first requirement is met prior to the set of line images in the buffer becoming equal in number to the predetermined occupancy level; and

relaxing the image acquisition termination criterion to another requirement upon a positive determination that the set of line images in the buffer is approaching in number the predetermined occupancy without the first requirement being met.

53. The method as recited in claim 52, wherein the first requirement is such that successive line images in the buffer correspond to a distribution of electromagnetic radiation being substantially equivalent to background radiation in the field of view of the optical sensor and the other requirement is such that a most recently acquired line image in the buffer corresponds to the distribution of electromagnetic radiation being substantially equivalent to a level of electromagnetic radiation that exceeds the background radiation by a predetermined margin.

54. The method as recited in claim 52, wherein the first requirement is such that a predetermined number of successive line images in the buffer corresponding to the spatiotemporal distribution of electromagnetic radiation vary by less than a first amount and the other requirement is such that the predetermined number of successive line images in the buffer vary by less than a second amount, where the second amount is greater than the first amount.

55. The method as recited in claim 52 further comprising:

preparing image continuity data for the set of line images upon a positive determination that the set of line images in the buffer is equal in number to the predetermined occupancy level prior to the image termination criterion being met;

transmitting the continuity data with the set of line images to the terminal device;

storing another set of line images of the image in the buffer in accordance with the available bandwidth; and

assembling the set of line images and the other set of line images at the terminal device in accordance with the continuity data.

56. The method as recited in claim 50 further comprising:

determining the available bandwidth for a time interval during which the number of line images are to be transmitted; and

allocating memory for the buffer such that a maximum number of line images corresponding to the determined available bandwidth may be stored therein.