Holey optical fiber with random pattern of holes and method for making same

• US 8,861,912 B2
• Filed: 05/21/2012
• Issued: 10/14/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 10/30/2003
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
• Original Assignee: Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
• Inventors: Kim, Jeong I., Kominsky, Daniel, Pickrell, Gary, Safaai-Jazi, Ahmad, Wang, Anbo, Stolen, Roger H
• Primary Examiner(s): Le, Uyen Chau N
• Assistant Examiner(s): MOONEY, MICHAEL P
• Application Number:
  US13/476,622
• Publication Number:
  US 20130223804A1
• Time in Patent Office: 876 Days
• Field of Search: 385/32, 385123-128, 385141-145, 653/85, 653/93, 654/12, 654/35
• US Class Current: 385/125
• CPC Class Codes: C03B 2203/14 Non-solid, i.e. hollow products, e.g. hollow clad or with core-clad interface
• CPC Class Codes: C03B 2203/42 Photonic crystal fibres, e.g. fibres using the photonic bandgap PBG effect, microstructured or holey optical fibres
• CPC Class Codes: C03B 37/01297 by melting glass powder in a mould
• CPC Class Codes: C03B 37/016 by a liquid phase reaction process, e.g. through a gel phase
• CPC Class Codes: C03B 37/02781 Hollow fibres, e.g. holey fibres
• CPC Class Codes: C03C 11/007 Foam glass, e.g. obtained by incorporating a blowing agent and heating
• CPC Class Codes: C03C 13/04 Fibre optics, e.g. core and clad fibre compositions light guides G02B6/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01L 1/243 using means for applying force perpendicular to the fibre axis
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02295 Microstructured optical fibre polarisation properties thereof G02B6/105 and G02B6/024
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02333 Core having higher refractive index than cladding, e.g. solid core, effective index guiding
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02338 Structured core, e.g. core contains more than one material, non-constant refractive index distribution in core, asymmetric or non-circular elements in core unit, multiple cores, insertions between core and clad
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02357 Property of longitudinal structures or background material varies radially and/or azimuthally in the cladding, e.g. size, spacing, periodicity, shape, refractive index, graded index, quasiperiodic, quasicrystals
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02366 Single ring of structures, e.g. "air clad"
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02385 Comprising liquid, e.g. fluid filled holes
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/032 with non solid core or cladding G02B6/02295 takes precedence

Abstract

A random array of holes is created in an optical fiber by gas generated during fiber drawing. The gas forms bubbles which are drawn into long, microscopic holes. The gas is created by a gas generating material such as silicon nitride. Silicon nitride oxidizes to produce nitrogen oxides when heated. The gas generating material can alternatively be silicon carbide or other nitrides or carbides. The random holes can provide cladding for optical confinement when located around a fiber core. The random holes can also be present in the fiber core. The fibers can be made of silica. The present random hole fibers are particularly useful as pressure sensors since they experience a large wavelength dependant increase in optical loss when pressure or force is applied.

Claims

1. An optical fiber comprising:

a core composed of a glass of a refractive index; and

a cladding region composed of the same glass of the same refractive index, wherein the cladding region contains tubes which are random in diameter, length and radial position within the cladding region, and wherein the tubes taper on the ends.

2. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the ends of the tubes are tapered such that significant scattering of light does not occur.

3. The fiber of claim 1, wherein an optical loss of the fiber is less than 1 dB/m.

4. The fiber of claim 3, wherein the optical loss as measured at 1550 nm is less than 0.5 dB/m.

5. The fiber of claim 3, wherein the optical loss as measured at 1310 nm is less than 0.5 dB/m.

6. The fiber of claim 3, wherein the optical loss as measured at 850 nm is less than 0.5 dB/m.

7. The fiber of claim 3, wherein the optical loss as measured in the range between 1550 and 1700 nm is less than 0.5 dB/m.

8. The fiber of claim 3, whereby the optical loss induced by a half inch diameter bend in the fiber is less than 0.5 dB.

9. The fiber of claim 3, wherein the optical loss induced by a half inch diameter bend in the fiber is less than 0.5 dB and more preferably less than 0.1 dB when measured at a wavelength of 850 nm.

10. The fiber of claim 3, wherein the optical loss induced by a half inch diameter bend in the fiber is less than 0.5 dB and more preferably less than 0.1 dB when measured at a wavelength of 1310 nm.

11. The fiber of claim 3, wherein the optical loss induced by a half inch diameter bend in the fiber is less than 0.5 dB and more preferably less than 0.1 dB when measured at a wavelength of 1550 nm.

12. The fiber of claim 3, wherein the optical loss induced by a half inch diameter bend in the fiber is less than 0.5 dB and more preferably less than 0.1 dB when measured in thea wavelength range from of 1550-1700 nm.

13. The fiber of claim 1, wherein the core of the fiber when viewed in cross-section is located at a center of the fiber, such that a center of the core is coincident with the center of the fiber.

14. The optical fiber of claim 1, wherein optical confinement is achieved by incorporation of the tubes into the fiber such that an interface between a solid central glass region and a surrounding region containing the tubes defines an interface between the core and cladding region.

15. The fiber of claim 14, wherein the tubes in the cladding region lower an average effective refractive index of that region, thereby producing a difference in refractive index between the core and cladding region necessary for optical confinement to be achieved in the core of the fiber.

16. The fiber of claim 15, wherein the tubes are random in diameter, random in length and random in spatial position within the cladding region and such that if the tubes were not present, no cladding would exist.

17. The fiber of claim 16, wherein the tubes in the cladding region end by forming a tapered region such that an inner diameter of the tube decreases continuously to a very small value relative to an initial diameter of the tube.

18. The fiber of claim 17, wherein the tubes are adiabatically tapered.