Atmospheric measurement system

• US 8,866,322 B2
• Filed: 07/29/2010
• Issued: 10/21/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 07/29/2009
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Michigan Aerospace Corporation
• Original Assignee: Michigan Aerospace Corporation
• Inventors: Tchoryk, Peter Jr., Richey, Charles J., Hays, Paul Byron, Johnson, David Keith, Zuk, David Michael
• Primary Examiner(s): Cuevas, Pedro J
• Application Number:
  US13/387,553
• Publication Number:
  US 20120169053A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,545 Days
• Field of Search: 290/44, 290/55
• US Class Current: 290/44
• CPC Class Codes: F03D 7/048 controlling wind farms
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2260/8211 of the weather
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2270/404 active, predictive, or anticipative
• CPC Class Codes: F05B 2270/8042 Lidar systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01P 13/02 Indicating direction only, e.g. by weather vane
• CPC Class Codes: G01P 5/26 by measuring the direct influence of the streaming fluid on the properties of a detecting optical wave
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/003 Bistatic lidar systems; Multistatic lidar systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/58 Velocity or trajectory determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/87 Combinations of systems using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/89 for mapping or imaging
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 17/95 for meteorological use
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/481 Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/491 Details of non-pulse systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01S 7/497 Means for monitoring or calibrating
• CPC Class Codes: G01W 1/02 Instruments for indicating weather conditions by measuring two or more variables, e.g. humidity, pressure, temperature, cloud cover or wind speed G01W1/10 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: Y02A 90/10 Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/72 Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Abstract

A magnitude and direction, or a measure responsive thereto, of a velocity (V) of a first portion (17) of an atmosphere (20) are determined from at least first and second portions of scattered light (30) generated along a common beam of light (28) within the first portion (17) of the atmosphere (20) and received along linearly independent directions at locations that are relatively remote with respect to one another, at least one of which is relatively remote from a source (11) of the beam of light (28).

Claims

1. A method of measuring an atmospheric wind condition via a LIDAR system, comprising:

generating a common beam of substantially monochromatic light;

receiving at least first and second portions of scattered light from a first portion of an atmosphere, wherein the first and second portions of scattered light are generated in response to the common beam, the first and second portions of scattered light are received at corresponding first and second locations that are relatively remote with respect to one another, at least one of the first and second locations is relatively remote with respect to a source of the common beam of substantially monochromatic light, and the first and second portions of scattered light are received along corresponding first and second directions that are linearly independent with respect to one another;

determining a first component of a velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere in the first direction from the first portion of scattered light in response to a first Doppler shift of a frequency of the first portion of scattered light;

determining a second component of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere in the second direction from the second portion of scattered light in response to a second Doppler shift of a frequency of the second portion of scattered light; and

determining at least one of a magnitude and a direction of the velocity in response to at least the first and second components of velocity and the first and second directions.

2. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 1, further comprising:

receiving a third portion of the scattered light from the first portion of the atmosphere, wherein the third portion of scattered light is generated in response to the common beam, the third portion of scattered light is received at a corresponding third locating that is relatively remote with respect to the first and second locations, the third location is relatively remote with respect to the first and second locations, and the third portion of scattered light is received along a corresponding third direction that is linearly independent with respect to each of the first and second directions;

determining a third component of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere in the third direction from the third portion of scattered light in response to a third Doppler shift of a frequency of the third portion of scattered light; and

determining at least one of a magnitude and direction of the velocity in response to the first, second and third components of velocity and the first, second and third directions.

3. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second portions of scattered light is associated with one of a plurality of range bins of the LIDAR system, and each of the plurality of range bins is associated with the common beam.

4. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 2, wherein at least one of the first, second and third portions of scattered light is associated with one of a plurality of range bins of the LIDAR system, and each of the plurality of range bins is associated with the common beam.

5. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 2, wherein at least two of the first, second and third portions of scattered light are received by a plurality of LIDAR devices at different locations.

6. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 1, wherein the common beam is repositioned over time so as to limit exposure to the common beam at any one location.

7. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 2, further comprising:

processing at least one of the first, second and third portions of scattered light with at least one interferometer so as to generate at least one fringe from the scattered light for at least one of the first, second and third portions of scattered light.

8. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 7, wherein the at least one interferometer comprises a Fabry-Perot Interferometer.

9. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 8, wherein the Fabry-Perot Interferometer is separately illuminated by one of the first, second and third portions of scattered light, and directly by a portion of the common beam.

10. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 8, further comprising identifying at least one parameter associated with at least one of the first, second or third components of velocity, or associated with a density of the first portion of the atmosphere, in response to non-linearly fitting an intensity distribution associated with the at least one fringe to a response function of the Fabry-Perot Interferometer.

11. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 2, wherein at least one of the first, second and third components of the velocity is determined by modulating an intensity of the common beam with a modulation signal, and detecting a Doppler shift of the modulation signal corresponding to at least one of the first, second and third portions of scattered light.

12. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 7, further comprising:

determining at least one measure of density of the first portion of the atmosphere from at least one of at least one fringe associated with the first portion of scattered light, at least one fringe associated with the second portion of scattered light, and at least one fringe associated with the third portion of scattered light.

13. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 7, further comprising:

determining at least one measure of temperature of the first portion of the atmosphere from at least one of the at least one fringe associated with the first portion of scattered light, the at least one fringe associated with the second portion of scattered light, and the at least one fringe associated with the third portion of scattered light.

14. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 7, further comprising:

determining at least one measure of molecular counts of the first portion of the atmosphere, and at least one corresponding measure of aerosol counts of the first portion of the atmosphere, from at least one of the at least one of at least one fringe associated with the first portion of scattered light, the at least one fringe associated with the second portion of scattered light, and the at least one fringe associated with the third portion of scattered light.

15. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 2, further comprises:

generating atmospheric measure data that comprises a plurality of atmospheric measurement records acquired by corresponding ones of a plurality of LIDAR devices;

collecting the atmospheric measurement data from the plurality of separate LIDAR devices via a relatively central data processor.

16. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 15, wherein each of atmospheric measurement records includes any or all of:

at least one of the first, second and third components of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere,

at least one of first, second and third components of a velocity of another portion of the atmosphere,

at least one of a first, second and third direction of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere,

at least one of a first, second and third direction of the velocity of the another portion of the atmosphere,

a magnitude and direction of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere,

a magnitude and direction of the velocity of the another portion of the atmosphere,

a measure of density of the first portion of the atmosphere,

a measure of density of the another portion of the atmosphere,

one or more associated sampling times associated with contents of the atmospheric measurement record,

at least one location associated with the contents of the atmospheric measurement record,

at least one measure of an extent of the first portion of the atmosphere,

at least one measure of an extent of the another portion of the atmosphere, and

a measure based on a coordinate system associated with the atmospheric measurement record.

17. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 15, wherein each of the atmospheric measurement records further includes any or all of:

at least one measure of temperature of the first portion of the atmosphere, and

at least one measure of temperature of another portion of the atmosphere.

18. A method of estimating an atmospheric wind condition as recited in claim 15, wherein each of the atmospheric measurement records further includes any or all of:

at least one measure of molecular counts of the first portion of the atmosphere,

at least one measure of molecular counts of another portion of the atmosphere,

at least one measure of aerosol counts of the first portion of the atmosphere,

at least one measure of aerosol counts of the another portion of the atmosphere,

one of a ratio or inverse ratio of the at least one measure of molecular counts to the at least one measure of aerosol counts of the first portion of the atmosphere, and

one of a ratio or inverse ratio of the at least one measure of molecular counts to the at least one measure of aerosol counts of the another portion of the atmosphere.

19. A method of controlling operation of a wind turbine by measuring atmospheric wind conditions via a LIDAR system, comprising:

generating a common beam of substantially monochromatic light;

receiving at least first and second portions of scattered light from a first portion of an atmosphere, wherein the first and second portions of scattered light are generated in response to the common beam, the first and second portions of scattered light are received at corresponding first and second locations that are relatively remote with respect to one another, at least one of the first and second locations is relatively remote with respect to a source of the common beam of substantially monochromatic light, and the first and second portions of scattered light are received along corresponding first and second directions that are linearly independent with respect to one another;

determining a first component of a velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere in the first direction from the first portion of scattered light in response to a first Doppler shift of a frequency of the first portion of scattered light;

determining a second component of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere in the second direction from the second portion of scattered light in response to a second Doppler shift of a frequency of the second portion of scattered light;

determining at least one of a magnitude and a direction of the velocity in response to at least the first and second components of velocity and the first and second directions;

predicting wind conditions for at least one location of at least one wind turbine in response to the determined first and second components of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere; and

controlling the at least one wind turbine in response to the predicting of the wind conditions at the at least one location of the at least one wind turbine so as to at least one of minimize damage to the at least one wind turbine and optimize performance of the at least one wind turbine.

20. A method of controlling operation of a wind turbine by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 19, further comprising:

receiving a third portion of the scattered light from the first portion of the atmosphere, wherein the third portion of scattered light is generated in response to the common beam, the third portion of scattered light is received at a corresponding third locating that is relatively remote with respect to the first and second locations, the third location is relatively remote with respect to the first and second locations, and the third portion of scattered light is received along a corresponding third direction that is linearly independent with respect to each of the first and second directions;

determining a third component of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere in the third direction from the third portion of scattered light in response to a third Doppler shift of a frequency of the third portion of scattered light;

determining at least one of a magnitude and direction of the velocity in response to the first, second and third components of velocity and the first, second and third directions; and

predicting wind conditions for at least one location of at least one wind turbine in response to the determined first, second and third components of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere.

21. A method of controlling operation of a wind turbine by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 19, wherein the step of predicting wind conditions includes comparing predictions of the wind conditions at the at least one location of the at least one wind turbine at different times so as to determine a change in wind conditions, and

if the determined change in the wind conditions exceeds a threshold, then controlling the at least one wind turbine so as to at least one of minimize damage to the at least one wind turbine and optimize performance of the at least one wind turbine.

22. A method of controlling operation of a wind turbine by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 21, wherein if the determined change in the wind conditions exceeds a threshold indicative of a reduction in wind loading, then controlling the at least one wind turbine so as to minimize damage to the at least one wind turbine while changing to another source of power to replace power not being generated by the at least one wind turbine.

23. A method of controlling operation of a wind turbine by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 20, further comprising:

determining other wind conditions based on any or all of a measure of molecular counts of the first portion of the atmosphere, a measure of aerosol counts of the first portion of the atmosphere, a measure of turbulence of the atmosphere, and a measure of wind shear in the atmosphere with respect to altitude; and

predicting wind conditions for at least one location of the at least one wind turbine in response to the determined first and second components of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere and the other wind conditions.

24. A method of controlling operation of a wind turbine by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 20, further comprising:

processing at least one of the first, second and third portions of scattered light with at least one interferometer so as to generate at least one fringe from the scattered light for at least one of the first, second and third portions of scattered light.

25. A method of controlling operation of a wind turbine by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 24, wherein the at least one interferometer comprises a Fabry-Perot Interferometer.

26. A method of controlling operation of a wind turbine by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 25, wherein the Fabry-Perot Interferometer is separately illuminated by one of the first, second and third portions of scattered light, and directly by a portion of the common beam.

27. A method of controlling operation of a wind turbine by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 25, wherein at least one of the first, second and third components of the velocity is determined by modulating an intensity of the common beam with a modulation signal, and detecting a Doppler shift of the modulation signal corresponding to at least one of the first, second and third portions of scattered light.

28. A method of controlling operation of a wind turbine by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 25, further comprises:

generating atmospheric measure data that comprises a plurality of atmospheric measurement records acquired by corresponding ones of a plurality of LIDAR devices;

collecting the atmospheric measurement data from the plurality of separate LIDAR devices via a relatively central data processor.

29. A method of controlling operation of a plurality of wind turbines by measuring atmospheric wind conditions, comprising:

providing a plurality of wind turbines, each wind turbine being positioned at wind turbine locations relatively remote from each other;

providing a LIDAR system that includes a plurality of LIDAR devices, each LIDAR device being positioned at LIDAR locations relatively remote from each other, wherein each LIDAR device is configured to;

generate a common beam of substantially monocluomatic light,

receive at least first and second portions of scattered light from a first portion of an atmosphere, wherein the first and second portions of scattered light are generated in response to the common beam, the first and second portions of scattered light are received at corresponding first and second locations that are relatively remote with respect to one another, at least one of the first and second locations is relatively remote with respect to a source of the common beam of substantially monochromatic light, and the first and second portions of scattered light are received along corresponding first and second directions that are linearly independent with respect to one another,

determine a first component of a velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere in the first direction from the first portion of scattered light in response to a first Doppler shift of a frequency of the first portion of scattered light,

determine a second component of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere in the second direction from the second portion of scattered light in response to a second Doppler shift of a frequency of the second portion of scattered light, and

determine at least one of a magnitude and a direction of the velocity in response to at least the first and second components of velocity and the first and second directions;

predicting wind conditions for at least one wind turbine location in response to the determined first and second components of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere corresponding to the at least one wind turbine location; and

controlling the plurality of wind turbines in response to the predicting of the wind conditions at corresponding wind turbine locations so as to at least one of minimize damage to the plurality of wind turbines and optimize performance of the plurality of wind turbines.

30. A method of controlling operation of a plurality of wind turbines by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 29, wherein

each LIDAR device is further configured to:

receive a third portion of the scattered light from the first portion of the atmosphere, wherein the third portion of scattered light is generated in response to the common beam, the third portion of scattered light is received at a corresponding third locating that is relatively remote with respect to the first and second locations, the third location is relatively remote with respect to the first and second locations, and the third portion of scattered light is received along a corresponding third direction that is linearly independent with respect to each of the first and second directions,

determine a third component of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere in the third direction from the third portion of scattered light in response to a third Doppler shift of a frequency of the third portion of scattered light,

determine at least one of a magnitude and direction of the velocity in response to the first, second and third components of velocity and the first, second and third directions; and

the step of predicting wind conditions for at least one wind turbine location includes predicting wind conditions for the at least one wind turbine location in response to the determined first, second and third components of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere.

31. A method of controlling operation of a plurality of wind turbines by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 29, wherein the step of predicting wind conditions includes comparing predictions of the wind conditions at different times so as to determine a change in wind conditions, and

if the determined change in the wind conditions exceeds a threshold, then controlling each of the plurality of wind turbines so as to at least one of minimize damage to each of the plurality of wind turbines and optimize performance of the plurality of wind turbines.

32. A method of controlling operation of a plurality of wind turbines by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 31, wherein if the determined change in the wind conditions exceeds a threshold indicative of a reduction in wind loading, then controlling the plurality of wind turbines so as to minimize damage to at least a selected one of the plurality of wind turbines while changing to another source of power to replace power not being generated by the selected one of the plurality of wind turbines.

33. A method of controlling operation of a plurality of wind turbines by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 32, wherein if the determined change in the wind conditions exceeds a threshold indicative of a reduction in wind loading, then controlling the plurality of wind turbines so as to minimize damage to at least a first selected one of the plurality of wind turbines while changing power generation capacity of at least a second selected wind turbine so as to replace power not being generated by the first selected one of the plurality of wind turbines.

34. A method of controlling operation of a plurality of wind turbines by measuring atmospheric wind conditions as recited in claim 30, further comprising:

determining other wind conditions based on any or all of a measure of molecular counts of the first portion of the atmosphere, a measure of aerosol counts of the first portion of the atmosphere, a measure of turbulence of the atmosphere, and a measure of wind shear in the atmosphere with respect to altitude; and

predicting wind conditions for at least one location of the at least one wind turbine in response to the determined first and second components of the velocity of the first portion of the atmosphere and the other wind conditions.