Nonvolatile memory system and block management method

• US 8,996,786 B2
• Filed: 12/28/2011
• Issued: 03/31/2015
• Est. Priority Date: 01/28/2011
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Hynix Semiconductor Incorporated (SK Hynix Inc.)
• Original Assignee: SK Hynix Inc.
• Inventors: Song, In Hwan
• Primary Examiner(s): BRADLEY, MATTHEW A
• Application Number:
  US13/338,984
• Publication Number:
  US 20120198196A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,189 Days
• Field of Search: 711/103
• US Class Current: 711/103
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 12/0246 in block erasable memory, e.g. flash memory
• CPC Class Codes: G06F 2212/7211 Wear leveling

Abstract

A nonvolatile memory system includes a memory area including a nonvolatile memory apparatus divided into a plurality of blocks, and a controller configured to control the memory area. The controller groups the plurality of blocks of the memory area according to wear level and whether each of the plurality of blocks is in use, and manages the blocks of each group in wear level order.

Claims

1. A nonvolatile memory system comprising:

a memory area including a plurality of blocks; and

a controller configured to control the memory area,

wherein the controller groups the plurality of blocks of the memory area according to whether a wear level of each block is less than a predetermined wear level limit threshold value and whether each of the plurality of blocks is in use, and manages blocks of each group in wear level order,

and the controller includes a plurality of tables including a first table of blocks having a wear level less than the predetermined wear level limit threshold value and are not in use, a second table including blocks having a wear level greater than or equal to the predetermined wear level limit threshold value and are not in use, a third table including blocks having a wear level less than the predetermined wear level limit threshold value and are in use, and a fourth table including blocks having a wear level greater than or equal to the predetermined wear level limit threshold value and are in use.

2. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to determine the wear level according to a number of erasures with respect to a maximum number of erasures.

3. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of tables stores as block management information a block number registered in a table, a pointer indicating a number of an adjacent block in a wear level order, and differences in a number of erasures with respect to the adjacent block in the wear level order.

4. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 3, wherein the pointer includes a forward pointer indicating a block having a next higher wear level, and a backward pointer indicating a block having a next lower wear level.

5. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 3, wherein each of the plurality of tables stores as table management information a block maximum number of erasures determined as a number of erasures of a bock with a highest wear level, a total sum of differences in the number of erasures, and a total number of blocks registered in the table.

6. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 5, wherein, in a case where a block not in use is requested, when there exists a block registered in the first table, the controller selects a block with a lowest number of erasures from blocks registered in the first and third tables, and provides the selected block.

7. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 5, wherein, in a case where a block not in use is requested, when there exists no block registered in the first table and there exists a block registered in the second and third tables, the controller selects a block with a lowest number of erasures from blocks registered in the third table, and provides the selected block.

8. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 5, wherein, in a case where a block not in use is requested, when there exists no block registered in the first and third tables and there exists a block registered in the second table, the controller selects a block with a lowest number of erasures from blocks registered in the second table, and provides the selected block.

9. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 5, wherein, when a block with a specific wear level is requested, the controller selects the block in a table with the specific wear level, and updates the block management information and the table management information for that table.

10. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 9, wherein, when output of a block with a highest wear level is requested, the controller changes the block management information of a block with a second highest wear level, and changes the table management information.

11. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 9, wherein, when output of a block with a lowest wear level is requested, the controller changes the block management information of a block with a second lowest wear level, and changes the table management information.

12. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 9, wherein, when the wear level of the requested block is not the highest wear level nor the lowest wear level, the controller searches for a block with the requested wear level by scanning a corresponding table based on the difference in the number of erasures, changes block management information of a block with a wear level adjacent to the selected block, and changes the table management information.

13. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 5, wherein, when addition of a block with a specific number of erasures is requested for one of the plurality of tables, the controller adds the block with the specific number of erasures with reference to a difference between a maximum number of erasures and a number of erasures, and a total sum of differences in the number of erasures in a corresponding table.

14. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 13, wherein, when the difference between the maximum number of erasures and the total sum of differences in the number of erasures in the corresponding table is larger than a number of erasures of a block to be added, the controller adds the block with the specific number of erasures as a block with a lowest wear level.

15. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 14, wherein the controller changes a pointer of the block with a lowest wear level before the block is added, sets a pointer of the added block, and updates the table management information.

16. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 13, wherein, when the difference between the maximum number of erasures and the total sum of differences in the number of erasures in the corresponding table is equal to or less than the number of erasures of the block with the specific number of erasures, if the number of erasures of the block to be added is larger than the maximum number of erasures in the corresponding table, the controller adds the block with the specific number of erasures as a block with a highest wear level.

17. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 16, wherein the controller changes a pointer of the block with a highest wear level before the block with the specific number of erasures is added, sets a pointer of the added block, and updates the table management information.

18. The nonvolatile memory system according to claim 16, wherein, if the number of erasures of the block with the specific number of erasures is equal to or less than the maximum number of erasures in the corresponding table, the controller determines a wear level of the block with the specific number of erasures based on the difference in the number of erasures, changes a pointer of a block before and after the determined level, sets a pointer of the added block, and updates the table management information.

19. A block management method in a nonvolatile memory system comprising:

categorizing each of a plurality of blocks, which are in a memory area of the nonvolatile memory system, into groups according to whether a wear level of each block is less than a predetermined wear level limit threshold value and whether each block is in use; and

managing blocks in each group in a wear level order, wherein, when an empty block is requested, and when a group with a wear level less than the predetermined wear level limit threshold value include at least one block not in use, a block with a lowest number of erasures from blocks with a wear level less than the predetermined wear level limit threshold value is selected, and a block number identifying the selected block is output.

20. The block management method according to claim 19, wherein when the selected block is in use, contents of the selected block is copied to a block not in use among the blocks in the group of the blocks with a wear level less than the predetermined wear level limit threshold value, erases the selected block, and the block number identifying the selected block is output.

21. The block management method according to claim 19, wherein, when the selected block is not in use, contents of the selected block is erased, and the number identifying the selected block is output.

22. The block management method according to claim 19, wherein, when there exists no blocks not in use in the group of the blocks with a wear level less than the predetermined wear level limit threshold value, but there exists blocks not in use in a group of blocks with a wear level greater than or equal to the predetermined wear level limit threshold value, and there exists blocks in use in the group of the blocks with a wear level less than the predetermined wear level limit threshold value, a block with a lowest number of erasures from blocks registered in the group of the blocks with a wear level less than the predetermined wear level limit threshold value is selected, and a block number identifying the selected block is output.

23. The block management method according to claim 22, wherein contents of the selected block is copied to a block with a lowest number of erasures among the blocks not in use in the group of the blocks with a wear level greater than or equal to the predetermined wear level limit threshold value, erases the selected block, and outputs a block number of the selected block is output.

24. The block management method according to claim 19, wherein, if there exists no blocks not in use, but there exists blocks in use in the group of the blocks with a wear level less than the predetermined wear level limit threshold value, and there exists blocks not in use in a group of blocks with a wear level greater than or equal to the predetermined wear level limit threshold value, a block with a lowest number of erasures is selected from blocks not in use registered in the group of the blocks with a wear level greater than or equal to the predetermined wear level limit threshold value, and outputs a block number identifying the selected block is output.

25. The block management method according to claim 24, wherein the selected block is erased and a number identifying the selected block is output.

26. The block management method according to claim 19,

wherein, when a block with a specific wear level in a specific group is requested, a block number identifying a selected block with the specific wear level is output, and a wear level in the specific group is rearranged to take into account absence of the selected block.

27. The block management method according to claim 26, wherein the managing comprises setting in each block, a forward pointer indicating a block with a next higher wear level and a backward pointer indicating a block with a next lower wear level, and

when a block with a highest wear level is requested, the forward pointer and the backward pointer of a block with a second highest wear level are changed to take into account absence of the selected block.

28. The block management method according to claim 26, wherein a forward pointer indicating a block with a next higher wear level and a backward pointer indicating a block with a next lower wear level are set for each block, and

when a block with a lowest wear level is requested, the forward pointer and the backward pointer of a block with a second lowest wear level are changed to take into account absence of the selected block.

29. The block management method according to claim 26, wherein for each block in a group a forward pointer is set indicating a block with a next higher wear level and a backward pointer is set indicating a block with a next lower wear level, and

when a block, other than a block with a lowest wear level or a block with a highest wear level, is selected in response to a block request, the backward pointer of a block indicated by the forward pointer of the selected block and the forward pointer of a block indicated by the backward pointer of the selected block are changed appropriately to take into account absence of the selected block.

30. The block management method according to claim 19,

wherein, when addition of a block with a specific number of erasures in a specific group is requested, a wear level of the block to be added in the specific group is determined, and that information for the block to be added is taken into account in the specific group.

31. The block management method according to claim 30, wherein managing the blocks in a group comprises:

setting a forward pointer indicating a block with a next higher wear level and setting a backward pointer indicating a block with a next lower wear level for each block in a group; and

determining whether the wear level of the block to be added is a lowest level, and if so, setting the backward pointer of a block with a lowest wear level before the addition to indicate the block to be added, and setting the forward pointer and the backward pointer of the block to be added to indicate the block with a next higher wear level and a next lower wear level, respectively.

32. The block management method according to claim 31, wherein managing the blocks in a group comprises:

determining a maximum number of erasures of each group and differences in a number of erasures with respect to an adjacent block in a wear level order in each group; and

determining that the wear level of the block to be added is a lowest wear level when a difference between a maximum number of erasures of the specific block and a total sum of the differences in the number of erasures is larger than a number of erasures of the requested block.

33. The block management method according to claim 30, wherein managing the blocks in a group comprises:

setting a forward pointer indicating a block with a next higher wear level and setting a backward pointer indicating a block with a next lower wear level for each block registered in each group; and

determining whether the wear level of the block to be added is a highest level, and if so, setting the forward pointer of a block with a highest wear level before the addition is performed to indicate the block to be added, and setting the forward pointer and the backward pointer of the block to be added to indicate the block with a next higher wear level and a next lower wear level, respectively.

34. The block management method according to claim 33, wherein managing the blocks in a group comprises:

determining a maximum number of erasures of each group and differences of a number of erasures with respect to an adjacent block in a wear level order in each group; and

determining that the wear level of the block to be added is a highest wear level when a difference between a maximum number of erasures of the specific block and a total sum of the differences in the number of erasures is substantially equal to or less than a number of erasures of the requested block, and the maximum number of erasures of the specific block is less than a number of erasures of the requested block.

35. The block management method according to claim 30, wherein managing the blocks in a group comprises:

setting the forward pointer indicating a block with a next higher wear level higher and setting the backward pointer indicating a block with a next lower wear level;

searching in the specific group, when it is determined that the wear level of the block to be added is not a highest wear level and is not a lowest wear level, for an appropriate position to add the block to be added;

setting appropriately the forward pointer and the backward pointer of two blocks adjacent to the block to be added in a wear level order; and

setting appropriately the forward pointer and the backward pointer of the block to be added to indicate the block with a next higher wear level and a next lower wear level, respectively.

36. The block management method according to claim 35, wherein managing the blocks in a group comprises:

determining a maximum number of erasures of each group and differences in a number of erasures with respect to an adjacent block in a wear level order in each group; and

determining that the wear level of the block to be added is not a highest level and not a lowest level when a difference between a maximum number of erasures of the specific block and a total sum of the differences in the number of erasures is less than a number of erasures of the block to be added, and the maximum number of erasures of the specific block is larger than a number of erasures of the block to be added.

37. The block management method according to claim 35, wherein managing the blocks in a group comprises:

changing the forward pointer and the backward pointer of two blocks adjacent to the block to be added in the wear level order by setting the backward pointer of a block with a next higher wear level than the block to be added to indicate the block to be added, and setting a forward pointer of a block with a next lower wear level than the block to be added to indicate the block to be added.