Apparatus with light emitting or absorbing diodes

• US 9,018,833 B2
• Filed: 08/31/2011
• Issued: 04/28/2015
• Est. Priority Date: 05/31/2007
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: NthDegree Technologies Worldwide Inc.
• Original Assignee: NthDegree Technologies Worldwide Inc.
• Inventors: Lowenthal, Mark David, Ray, William Johnstone, Shotton, Neil O., Blanchard, Richard A., Lewandowski, Mark Allan, Oraw, Brad, Baldridge, Jeffrey, Perozziello, Eric Anthony
• Primary Examiner(s): Williams, Joseph L
• Application Number:
  US13/223,289
• Publication Number:
  US 20120161196A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,336 Days
• Field of Search: 313/503, 313/504, 313/506
• US Class Current: 313/503
• CPC Class Codes: F21K 9/23 Retrofit light sources for lighting devices with a single fitting for each light source, e.g. for substitution of incandescent lamps with bayonet or threaded fittings
• CPC Class Codes: F21K 9/232 specially adapted for generating an essentially omnidirectional light distribution, e.g. with a glass bulb
• CPC Class Codes: F21K 9/27 Retrofit light sources for lighting devices with two fittings for each light source, e.g. for substitution of fluorescent tubes
• CPC Class Codes: F21K 9/60 Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction
• CPC Class Codes: F21K 9/64 using wavelength conversion means distinct or spaced from the light-generating element, e.g. a remote phosphor layer
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 19/0005 of sources having contact pins, wires or blades, e.g. pinch sealed lamp F21V19/001 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 23/04 the elements being switches safety devices F21V25/00
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 23/06 the elements being coupling devices , e.g. connectors
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 3/049 Patterns or structured surfaces for diffusing light, e.g. frosted surfaces
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 3/06 characterised by the material
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 5/048 the lens being a simple lens adapted to cooperate with a point-like source for emitting mainly in one direction and having an axis coincident with the main light transmission direction, e.g. convergent or divergent lenses, plano-concave or plano-convex lenses
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 7/0066 specially adapted to cooperate with point like light sources; specially adapted to cooperate with light sources the shape of which is unspecified F21V7/16 - F21V7/30 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: F21V 9/30 Elements containing photoluminescent material distinct from or spaced from the light source shades F21V1/17; globes, bowls or cover glasses F21V3/08, F21V3/12; refractors F21V5/10; reflectors F21V7/26, F21V7/30; elements with provision for controlling the spectral properties or intensity F21V9/40
• CPC Class Codes: F21Y 2101/00 Point-like light sources
• CPC Class Codes: F21Y 2107/20 on convex supports or substrates, e.g. on the outer surface of spheres
• CPC Class Codes: F21Y 2115/10 Light-emitting diodes [LED]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2224/24137 the bodies being arranged next to each other, e.g. on a common substrate
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2224/32225 the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2224/73267 Layer and HDI connectors
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2224/95101 in a liquid medium
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 24/24 : of an individual high density interconnect connector
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 24/95 : at chip-level, i.e. with connecting carried out on a plurality of singulated devices, i.e. on diced chips
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 25/0753 : the devices being arranged next to each other
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 27/153 : in a repetitive configuration, e.g. LED bars
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00 : Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00014 : the subject-matter covered by the group, the symbol of which is combined with the symbol of this group, being disclosed without further technical details
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/0002 : Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/09701 : Low temperature co-fired ceramic [LTCC]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/12041 : LED
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/12042 : LASER
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/13033 : TRIAC - Triode for Alternating Current - A bidirectional switching device containing two thyristor structures with common gate contact
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/13034 : Silicon Controlled Rectifier [SCR]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/1305 : Bipolar Junction Transistor [BJT]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/1306 : Field-effect transistor [FET]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/13062 : Junction field-effect transistor [JFET]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/13091 : Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor [MOSFET]
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/14 : Integrated circuits
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/06 : within the light emitting region, e.g. quantum confinement structure or tunnel barrier
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/20 : with a particular shape, e.g. curved or truncated substrate
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/22 : Roughened surfaces, e.g. at the interface between epitaxial layers
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/24 : of the light emitting region, e.g. non-planar junction
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/32 : containing nitrogen
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/38 : with a particular shape
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/382 : the electrode extending partially in or entirely through the semiconductor body
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/42 : Transparent materials
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/483 : Containers
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/486 : adapted for surface mounting
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/50 : Wavelength conversion elements
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/58 : Optical field-shaping elements
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 33/62 : Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the semiconductor body, e.g. lead-frames, wire-bonds or solder balls
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 50/80 : Constructional details
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 50/805 : Electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 59/90 : Assemblies of multiple devices comprising at least one organic light-emitting element
• CPC Class Codes: H10K 71/00 : Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass

Abstract

An exemplary printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes comprises a plurality of diodes, a first solvent and/or a viscosity modifier. An exemplary apparatus comprises: a plurality of diodes; at least a trace amount of a first solvent; and a polymeric or resin film at least partially surrounding each diode of the plurality of diodes. Various exemplary diodes have a lateral dimension between about 10 to 50 microns and about 5 to 25 microns in height. Other embodiments may also include a plurality of substantially chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:

a plurality of diodes, each diode of the plurality of diodes comprising;

a light emitting or absorbing region having a lateral dimension between 20 microns to 30 microns and a height between 2.5 to 7 microns;

a first terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a first side, the first terminal having a height between 1 to 6 microns; and

a second terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a second side opposite the first side, the second terminal having a height between 1 to 6 microns;

wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes is substantially hexagonal laterally, has a lateral dimension between 10 to 50 microns measured opposing face-to-face, and a height between 5 to 25 microns;

one or more first conductors coupled to a first plurality of first terminals of the plurality of diodes;

a first dielectric layer coupled to the one or more first conductors; and

one or more second conductors coupled to a first plurality of second terminals of the plurality of diodes.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

a film substantially surrounding each diode of the plurality of diodes, the film comprising a polymer or a resin and having a thickness between 10 nm to 300 nm.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the film comprises a methylcellulose resin.

4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the film comprises a cured, polymerized or dried viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of:

clays;

saccharides;

polysaccharides;

celluloses;

modified celluloses;

polymers and copolymers;

glycols;

fumed silica, silica powders;

modified ureas; and

mixtures thereof.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising at least a trace amount of a first solvent, wherein the first solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

water;

alcohols;

ethers;

esters;

glycols;

carbonates;

glycerols;

acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); and

mixtures thereof.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, further comprising at least a trace amount of a second solvent different from the first solvent, wherein the second solvent is at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

water;

alcohols;

ethers;

esters;

glycols;

carbonates;

glycerols;

acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); and

mixtures thereof.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a lateral dimension between 20 to 30 microns and a height between 5 to 15 microns.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles, each inert particle of the plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles between 10 to 50 microns.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light emitting or absorbing region of each diode of the plurality of diodes is substantially hexagonal, square, triangular, rectangular, lobed, stellate, or toroidal.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light emitting or absorbing region of each diode of the plurality of diodes has a surface texture selected from the group consisting of:

a plurality of circular rings, a plurality of substantially curvilinear trapezoids, a plurality of parallel stripes, a stellate pattern, and mixtures thereof.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second terminals of each diode of the plurality of diodes are each comprised of one or more metals or metal alloys.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second terminals of each diode of the plurality of diodes are each comprised of a conductor.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes is 20 to 30 microns in lateral dimension measured opposing face-to-face, and is 5 to 15 microns in height.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the lateral sides of each diode of the plurality of diodes are less than 10 microns in height.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the lateral sides of each diode of the plurality of diodes are between 2.5 to 6 microns in height.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the lateral sides of each diode of the plurality of diodes are substantially sigmoidal and terminate in a curved point.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes comprises at least one inorganic semiconductor selected from the group consisting of:

silicon, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN), GaP, InAlGaP, AlInGaAs, InGaNAs, and AlInGaSb.

18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein at least one diode of the plurality of diodes has a first terminal coupled to at least one second conductor and a second terminal coupled to at least one first conductor.

19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each diode of a second plurality of diodes has a first terminal coupled to at least one second conductor and a second terminal coupled to at least one first conductor.

20. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

an interface circuit coupled to the one or more first conductors and to the one or more second conductors, the interface circuit further couplable to a power source or power supply.

21. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more first conductors comprise:

first electrode comprising a first busbar and a first plurality of elongated conductors extending from the first busbar, wherein the first busbar or the first plurality of elongated conductors are coupled to the first plurality of first terminals of the plurality of diodes; and

a second electrode comprising a second busbar and a second plurality of elongated conductors extending from the second busbar.

22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the second plurality of elongated conductors are interdigitated with the first plurality of elongated conductors.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the one or more second conductors are further coupled to the second plurality of elongated conductors.

24. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first dielectric layer is between the one or more first conductors and the one or more second conductors, and has a thickness between 1 to 7 microns.

25. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

a barrier layer coupled to the dielectric layer and to the one or more second conductors, wherein the barrier layer comprises a cured, dried or polymerized viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of;

clays;

saccharides;

polysaccharides;

celluloses;

modified celluloses;

polymers and copolymers;

glycols;

fumed silica, silica powders;

modified ureas; and

mixtures thereof.

26. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

a substantially optically transmissive base wherein the base coupled to the plurality of diodes on a first side; and

a phosphor layer coupled to the base on the second side.

27. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

a substantially optically transmissive base coupled to the plurality of diodes on a first side;

a first phosphor layer coupled over the one or more second conductors; and

a second phosphor layer coupled to the base on the second side;

wherein the one or more second conductors are substantially optically transmissive.

28. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

a substantially optically transmissive base coupled to the one or more first conductors on a first side;

a first phosphor layer coupled over the one or more second conductors; and

a second phosphor layer coupled to the base on the second side;

wherein the one or more first conductors and the one or more second conductors are substantially optically transmissive.

29. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

a substantially flat base, and wherein a mean concentration of the plurality of diodes is from 25 diodes to 50,000 diodes per square centimeter of the base.

30. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:

one or more third conductors coupled to the one or more first conductors or to the one or more second conductors; and

a second dielectric layer coupled to the one or more third conductors.

31. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is flexible, foldable and bendable.

32. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is die cut and folded into a selected shape.

33. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus has an average surface area concentration of the plurality of diodes from 25 to 50,000 diodes per square centimeter.

34. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of diodes are light emitting diodes, and wherein the apparatus is adapted, when operative, to emit light in an amount of at least 10 lumens per watt of power consumed.

35. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of diodes are light emitting diodes, wherein density of the plurality of diodes is 25 to 100 diodes per square centimeter, and wherein a surface temperature of the apparatus when operative is less than 100°

C.

36. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of diodes are light emitting diodes, wherein a density of the plurality of diodes is 25 to 100 diodes per square centimeter, and wherein a surface temperature of the apparatus when operative is less than 70°

C.

37. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the plurality of diodes are light emitting diodes, and wherein the apparatus is adapted, when operative, to emit light in an amount of at least 60 lumens per watt of power consumed.

38. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light emitting or absorbing region of each diode of the plurality of diodes has a surface texture.

39. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second terminals of each diode of the plurality of diodes are electrically conductive.

40. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second terminals of each diode of the plurality of diodes provide ohmic contacts to the light emitting or absorbing region.

41. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more first conductors are comprised of a substantially optically transparent conductor.

42. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the substantially optically transparent conductor comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting essentially of indium tin oxide (ITO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), polyethylene-dioxithiophene, and combinations or mixtures thereof.

43. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more second conductors are comprised of a substantially optically transparent conductor.

44. The apparatus of claim 43, wherein the substantially optically transparent conductor comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting essentially of:

indium tin oxide (ITO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), polyethylene-dioxithiophene, and combinations or mixtures thereof.

91. The lighting apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus has an average surface area concentration of the plurality of light emitting diodes from about 5 to 10,000 diodes per square centimeter.

45. An apparatus comprising:

a plurality of diodes, each diode of the plurality of diodes comprising;

a light emitting or absorbing region having a lateral dimension between 10 microns to 40 microns and a height between 2 to 7 microns;

a first terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a first side, the first terminal having a height less than 6 microns; and

a second terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a second side opposite the first side, the second terminal having a height less than 6 microns;

wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes is substantially hexagonal laterally, has a lateral dimension between 10 to 50 microns measured opposing face-to-face, and a height between 5 to 25 microns;

one or more first conductors coupled to a first plurality of first terminals of the plurality of diodes;

a first dielectric layer coupled to the one or more first conductors; and

one or more second conductors coupled to a first plurality of second terminals of the plurality of diodes.

46. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising a film substantially surrounding each diode of the plurality of diodes, the film comprising a polymer or a resin and having a thickness between 10 nm to 300 nm.

47. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein the film comprises a methylcellulose resin.

48. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein the film comprises a cured, polymerized or dried viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of:

clays;

saccharides;

polysaccharides;

celluloses;

modified celluloses;

polymers and copolymers;

glycols;

fumed silica, silica powders;

modified ureas; and

mixtures thereof.

49. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising at least a trace amount of a first solvent, wherein the first solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

water;

alcohols;

ethers;

esters;

glycols;

carbonates;

glycerols;

acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); and

mixtures thereof.

50. The apparatus of claim 49, further comprising at least a trace amount of a second solvent different from the first solvent, wherein the second solvent is at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

water;

alcohols;

ethers;

esters;

glycols;

carbonates;

glycerols;

acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl formamide (DMF), N-methyl formamide (NMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); and

mixtures thereof.

51. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes has a lateral dimension between 20 to 30 microns and a height between 5 to 15 microns.

52. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising:

a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles, each inert particle of the plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles between 10 to 50 microns.

53. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the light emitting or absorbing region of each diode of the plurality of diodes is substantially hexagonal, square, triangular, rectangular, lobed, stellate, or toroidal.

54. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the light emitting or absorbing region of each diode of the plurality of diodes has a surface texture.

55. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the light emitting or absorbing region of each diode of the plurality of diodes has a surface texture selected from the group consisting of:

a plurality of circular rings, a plurality of substantially curvilinear trapezoids, a plurality of parallel stripes, a stellate pattern, and mixtures thereof.

56. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the first and second terminals of each diode of the plurality of diodes are comprised of one or more metals or metal alloys.

57. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the first and second terminals of each diode of the plurality of diodes are electrically conductive.

58. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the first and second terminals of each diode of the plurality of diodes are each comprised of one or more electrically conductive compounds.

59. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the first and second terminals of each diode of the plurality of diodes provide ohmic contacts to the light emitting or absorbing region.

60. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes is 20 to 30 microns in lateral dimension measured opposing face-to-face, and is 5 to 15 microns in height.

61. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the lateral sides of each diode of the plurality of diodes are less than 10 microns in height.

62. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the lateral sides of each diode of the plurality of diodes are between 2.5 to 6 microns in height.

63. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the lateral sides of each diode of the plurality of diodes are substantially sigmoidal and terminate in a curved point.

64. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes comprises at least one inorganic semiconductor selected from the group consisting of:

silicon, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN), GaP, InAIGaP, AlInGaAs, InGaNAs, and AlInGaSb.

65. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein at least one diode of the plurality of diodes has a first terminal coupled to at least one second conductor and a second terminal coupled to at least one first conductor.

66. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein each diode of a second plurality of diodes has a first terminal coupled to at least one second conductor and a second terminal coupled to at least one first conductor.

67. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising:

an interface circuit coupled to the one or more first conductors and to the one or more second conductors, the interface circuit further couplable to a power source or power supply.

68. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the one or more first conductors comprise:

a first electrode comprising a first busbar and a first plurality of elongated conductors extending from the first busbar, wherein the first busbar or the first plurality of elongated conductors are coupled to the first plurality of first terminals of the plurality of diodes, and

a second electrode comprising a second busbar and a second plurality of elongated conductors extending from the second busbar.

69. The apparatus of claim 68, wherein the second plurality of elongated conductors are interdigitated with the first plurality of elongated conductors.

70. The apparatus of claim 68, wherein the one or more second conductors are further coupled to the second plurality of elongated conductors.

71. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the first dielectric layer is between the one or more first conductors and the one or more second conductors, and has a thickness between 1 to 7 microns.

72. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising:

a barrier layer coupled to the dielectric layer and to the one or more second conductors, wherein the barrier layer comprises a cured, dried or polymerized viscosity modifier selected from the group consisting of;

clays;

saccharides;

polysaccharides;

celluloses;

modified celluloses;

polymers and copolymers;

glycols;

fumed silica, silica powders;

modified ureas; and

mixtures thereof.

73. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising:

a substantially optically transmissive base coupled to the plurality of diodes on a first side; and

a phosphor layer coupled to the base on the second side.

74. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising:

a substantially optically transmissive base coupled to the plurality of diodes on a first side;

a first phosphor layer coupled over the one or more second conductors; and

a second phosphor layer coupled to the base on the second side;

wherein the one or more second conductors are substantially optically transmissive.

75. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising:

a substantially optically transmissive base coupled to the one or more first conductors on a first side;

a first phosphor layer coupled over the one or more second conductors; and

a second phosphor layer coupled to the base on the second side;

wherein the one or more first conductors and the one or more second conductors are substantially optically transmissive.

76. The apparatus of claim 45, further comprising:

one or more third conductors coupled to the one or more first conductors or to the one or more second conductors; and

a second dielectric layer coupled to the one or more third conductors.

77. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the one or more first conductors are comprised of a substantially optically transparent conductor.

78. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein the substantially optically transparent conductor comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting essentially of:

indium tin oxide (ITO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), polyethylene-dioxithiophene, and combinations or mixtures thereof.

79. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the one or more second conductors are comprised of a substantially optically transparent conductor.

80. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein the substantially optically transparent conductor comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting essentially of:

indium tin oxide (ITO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), polyethylene-dioxithiophene, and combinations or mixtures thereof.

81. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the apparatus is flexible, foldable and bendable.

82. The apparatus of claim 45, wherein the apparatus is die cut and folded into a selected shape.

83. An apparatus comprising:

a substantially optically transmissive base;

a plurality of diodes, each diode of the plurality of diodes comprising;

a light emitting or absorbing region having a lateral dimension between 10 microns to 50 microns and a height between 2 to 7 microns;

a first terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a first side, the first terminal having a height less than about 6 microns; and

a second terminal coupled to the light emitting or absorbing region on a second side opposite the first side, the second terminal having a height less than 6 microns;

wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes is substantially hexagonal laterally, has a lateral dimension between 10 to 50 microns measured opposing face-to-face, and a height between 5 to 25 microns; and

wherein each diode of the plurality of diodes comprises at least one inorganic semiconductor selected from the group consisting of;

silicon, gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium nitride (GaN), GaP, InAIGaP, AlInGaAs, InGaNAs, and AlInGaSb;

a plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles, each inert particle of the plurality of substantially optically transparent and chemically inert particles between 10 to 50 microns;

one or more first conductors coupled to a first plurality of first terminals of the plurality of diodes;

a first dielectric layer coupled to the one or more first conductors; and

one or more second conductors coupled to a first plurality of second terminals of the plurality of diodes.

84. A lighting apparatus comprising:

a flexible base having an adhesive on a first side;

a plurality of first conductors coupled to the base;

a plurality of light emitting diodes distributed substantially randomly and in parallel on a first conductor of the plurality of first conductors, at least some of the plurality of light emitting diodes having a first, forward-bias orientation and at least one of the plurality of light emitting diodes having a second, reverse-bias orientation;

at least one second conductor coupled to the plurality of diodes and coupled to a second conductor of the plurality of first conductors;

a luminescent layer coupled to the at least one second conductor or an intervening stabilization layer;

a protective coating coupled to the luminescent layer;

an electrical interface coupled to the plurality of first conductors; and

optionally a power source couplable to the electrical interface.

85. The lighting apparatus of claim 84, further comprising:

a polymer or resin lattice coupled to the plurality of light emitting diodes.

86. The lighting apparatus of claim 84, wherein the apparatus emits light in an amount of at least about 10 lm/W.

87. The lighting apparatus of claim 84, wherein the plurality of light emitting diodes comprise an average particle size of from about 20 microns to about 30 microns in diameter.

88. The lighting apparatus of claim 84, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of:

flexible materials, porous materials, permeable materials, transparent materials, translucent materials, opaque materials and mixtures thereof.

89. The lighting apparatus of claim 84, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of:

plastics, polymer materials, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, natural fabrics, synthetic fabrics, glass, ceramics, silicon-derived materials, silica-derived materials, concrete, stone, extruded polyolefinic films, polymeric nonwovens, cellulosic paper, and mixtures thereof.

90. The lighting apparatus of claim 84, wherein the base is sufficient to provide electrical insulation and wherein the protective coating forms a weatherproof) seal.

92. The lighting apparatus of claim 84, wherein the electrical interface comprises at least one interface selected from the group consisting of:

ES, E27, SES, E14, Ll, PL—

2 pin, PL—

4 pin, G9 halogen capsule, G4 halogen capsule, GU10, GU5.3, bayonet, and small bayonet.

93. The lighting apparatus of claim 84, further comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of:

a. a first composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

a first solvent; and

a viscosity modifier;

b. a second composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes; and

a viscosity modifier;

c. a third composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

a first solvent;

a second solvent; and

a viscosity modifier;

d. a fourth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes; and

a wetting solvent;

e. a fifth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes; and

an adhesive viscosity modifier;

f. a sixth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

a first solvent comprising N-propanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol;

a viscosity modifier comprising methoxyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose resin;

a second, nonpolar resin solvent;

g. a seventh composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

a first solvent comprising N-propanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol;

a viscosity modifier comprising of methoxyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose resin; and

a dibasic ester;

h. an eighth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

N-propanol;

methoxyl cellulose resin; and

dimethyl glutarate;

i. a ninth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

N-propanol;

hydroxypropyl cellulose resin; and

dimethyl glutarate;

j. a tenth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

N-propanol;

methoxyl cellulose resin or hydroxypropyl cellulose resin;

dimethyl glutarate; and

dimethyl succinate; and

k. mixtures thereof.

94. The lighting apparatus of claim 84, further comprising a composition selected from the group consisting of:

a. a first composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

a first solvent; and

a viscosity modifier;

b. a second composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes; and

a viscosity modifier;

c. a third composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

a first solvent;

a second solvent; and

a viscosity modifier;

d. a fourth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes; and

a wetting solvent;

e. a fifth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes; and

an adhesive viscosity modifier;

f. a sixth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

a first solvent comprising N-propanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol;

a viscosity modifier comprising methoxyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose resin;

a second, nonpolar resin solvent;

g. a seventh composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

a first solvent comprising N-propanol, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, or cyclohexanol;

a viscosity modifier comprising of methoxyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose resin; and

a dibasic ester;

h. an eighth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

N-propanol;

methoxyl cellulose resin; and

dimethyl glutarate;

i. a ninth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

N-propanol;

hydroxypropyl cellulose resin; and

dimethyl glutarate;

j. a tenth composition comprising;

a plurality of diodes;

N-propanol;

methoxyl cellulose resin or hydroxypropyl cellulose resin;

dimethyl glutarate; and

dimethyl succinate; and

k. mixtures thereof.

95. A lighting apparatus comprising:

a translucent or transparent housing;

an electrical interface coupled to the housing and couplable to a power source;

a base;

a plurality of first conductors coupled to the base and coupled to the electrical interface;

a plurality of light emitting diodes distributed substantially randomly and in parallel on a first conductor of the plurality of first conductors, at least some of the plurality of light emitting diodes having a first, forward-bias orientation and at least one of the plurality of light emitting diodes having a second, reverse-bias orientation;

at least one second conductor coupled to the plurality of diodes and coupled to a second conductor of the plurality of first conductors;

a luminescent layer coupled to the at least one second conductor or an intervening stabilization layer; and

a protective coating coupled to the luminescent layer.

96. The lighting apparatus of claim 95, further comprising:

a polymer or resin lattice coupled to the plurality of light emitting diodes.

97. The lighting apparatus of claim 95, wherein the apparatus emits light in an amount of at least about 10 lm/W.

98. The lighting apparatus of claim 95, wherein the plurality of light emitting diodes comprise an average particle size of from about 20 microns to about 30 microns in diameter.

99. The lighting apparatus of claim 95, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of of flexible materials, porous materials, permeable materials, transparent materials, translucent materials, opaque materials and mixtures thereof.

100. The lighting apparatus of claim 95, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of:

plastics, polymer materials, natural rubber, synthetic rubber, natural fabrics, synthetic fabrics, glass, ceramics, silicon-derived materials, silica-derived materials, concrete, stone, extruded polyolefinic films, polymeric nonwovens, cellulosic paper, and mixtures thereof.

101. The lighting apparatus of claim 95, wherein the base is sufficient to provide electrical insulation.

102. The lighting apparatus of claim 95, wherein the protective coating forms a weatherproof seal.

103. The lighting apparatus of claim 95, wherein the apparatus has an average surface area concentration of the plurality of light emitting diodes from about 5 to 10,000diodes per square centimeter.

104. The lighting apparatus of claim 95, wherein the electrical interface comprises at least one interface selected from the group consisting of:

ES, E27, SES, E14, Ll, PL—

2 pin, PL—

4 pin, G9 halogen capsule, G4 halogen capsule, GU10, GU5.3, bayonet, and small bayonet.

105. The lighting apparatus of claim 95, wherein the housing has a size adapted to fit into a user'"'"'s hand.