Adaptable current regulator for delivery of current-based electrical stimulation therapy

• US 9,056,206 B2
• Filed: 10/14/2009
• Issued: 06/16/2015
• Est. Priority Date: 10/28/2008
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Medtronic Incorporated (Medtronic Plc)
• Original Assignee: Medtronic Incorporated (Medtronic Plc)
• Inventors: Torgerson, Nathan A., Michaels, Matthew J., Self, Shane A., Heathershaw, Todd D.
• Primary Examiner(s): Patel, Niketa
• Assistant Examiner(s): LEVICKY, WILLIAM J
• Application Number:
  US12/579,220
• Publication Number:
  US 20100106219A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,071 Days
• Field of Search: 607/2, 607/59, 607/46
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/025 Digital circuitry features of electrotherapy devices, e.g. memory, clocks, processors
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/0531 Brain cortex electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/0534 Electrodes for deep brain stimulation
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/36082 Cognitive or psychiatric applications, e.g. dementia or Alzheimer's disease
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/36125 Details of circuitry or electric components
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/36185 Selection of the electrode configuration

Abstract

A medical electrical stimulator provides selective control of stimulation via a combination of two or more electrodes coupled to respective regulated current paths and one or more electrodes coupled to unregulated current paths. Constant current sources may control the current that is sourced or sunk via respective regulated current paths. An unregulated current path may sink or source current to and from an unregulated voltage source that serves as a reference voltage. Unregulated electrodes may function as unregulated anodes to source current from a reference voltage or unregulated cathodes to sink current to a reference voltage.

Claims

1. A method for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient, the method comprising:

delivering electrical stimulation current via one of a plurality of electrodes implanted within the patient;

delivering electrical stimulation current via another of the plurality of electrodes implanted within the patient; and

controlling, with a stimulation controller, an adaptable current regulator to selectively operate in either a regulated mode in which the adaptable current regulator operates as a regulated current path or an unregulated mode in which the adaptable current regulator operates as an unregulated current path,

wherein at least one of the electrodes delivering electrical stimulation current is coupled to the adaptable current regulator.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least some of the electrodes are carried by one or more leads implanted within the patient.

3. The method of claim 1,

wherein delivering comprises:

delivering a first amount of the electrical stimulation current via a first electrode coupled to a first adaptable current regulator;

delivering a second amount of the electrical stimulation current via a second electrode coupled to a second adaptable current regulator; and

delivering a third amount of the electrical stimulation current via a third electrode coupled to a third adaptable current regulator, and

wherein controlling comprises;

configuring the first and second adaptable current regulators to operate as regulated current paths; and

configuring the third adaptable current regulator to operate as an unregulated current path.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein controlling comprises:

configuring the first adaptable current regulator as a first regulated current source that sources a first regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

configuring the second adaptable current regulator as a second regulated current source that sources a second regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

configuring the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein the unregulated sink current is equal to approximately a sum of the first and second regulated source currents.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein controlling comprises:

configuring the first adaptable current regulator as a first regulated current sink that sinks a first regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

configuring the second adaptable current regulator as a second regulated current sink that sinks a second regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

configuring the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein the unregulated source current is equal to approximately a sum of the first and second regulated sink currents.

6. The method of claim 3, wherein controlling comprises:

configuring the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

configuring the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current less than the regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

configuring the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein the unregulated sink current is equal to approximately a sum of the regulated source current and the regulated sink current, and the unregulated sink current is greater than the regulated sink current.

7. The method of claim 3, wherein controlling comprises:

configuring the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

configuring the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current less than the regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

configuring the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein a first voltage required to produce the unregulated sink current is less than a second voltage required to produce the regulated sink current.

8. The method of claim 3, wherein controlling comprises:

configuring the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

configuring the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current less than the regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

configuring the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein the unregulated source current is equal to approximately a sum of the regulated sink current and the regulated source current, and the unregulated source current is greater than the regulated source current.

9. The method of claim 3, wherein controlling comprises:

configuring the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

configuring the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current less than the regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

configuring the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein a first voltage required to produce the unregulated source current is greater than a second voltage required to produce the regulated source current.

10. The method of claim 3, wherein each of the first, second, and third adaptable current regulators comprises a plurality of parallel adaptable current regulators.

11. The method of claim 3, wherein controlling comprises configuring the first, second, and third adaptable current regulators to form regulated current paths or unregulated current paths on a selective basis to form different electrode configurations.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein controlling comprises configuring the first, second, and third adaptable current regulators to form regulated current paths or unregulated current paths on a selective basis to form different common anode ring and common cathode pool configurations.

13. The method of claim 3, wherein each of the first, second, and third adaptable current regulators comprises a cascode transistor and an active cascode circuit that maintains a substantially constant drain-to-source voltage of the cascode transistor.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the adaptable current regulator comprises an output transistor configured to carry the electrical stimulation current when the adaptable current regulator is operating in the regulated mode and when the adaptable current regulator is operating in the unregulated mode.

57. The method of claim 14, further comprising driving the output transistor to saturation when the adaptable current regulator is operating in the unregulated current mode.

15. A device for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient, the device comprising:

a plurality of implantable electrodes;

a plurality of adaptable current regulators that deliver electrical stimulation current via the electrodes; and

a stimulation controller configured to control at least one of the adaptable current regulators to selectively operate in either a regulated mode in which the at least one adaptable current regulator operates as a regulated current path, and to control the at least one of the adaptable current regulators to selectively operate in an unregulated mode in which the at least one adaptable current regulator operates as an unregulated current path.

16. The device of claim 15, further comprising one or more implantable leads, wherein at least some of the electrodes are carried by the leads.

17. The device of claim 15,

wherein the adaptable current regulators comprise:

a first adaptable current regulator coupled to deliver a first amount of the electrical stimulator current via a first electrode;

a second adaptable current regulator coupled to deliver a second amount of the electrical stimulator current via a second electrode; and

a third adaptable current regulator coupled to deliver a third amount of the electrical stimulation current via a third electrode, and

wherein the stimulation controller configures the first and second adaptable current regulators to operate as regulated current paths, and configures the third adaptable current regulator to operate as an unregulated current path.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein the stimulation controller:

configures the first adaptable current regulator as a first regulated current source that sources a first regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

configures the second adaptable current regulator as a second regulated current source that sources a second regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

configures the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein the unregulated sink current is equal to approximately a sum of the first and second regulated source currents.

19. The device of claim 17, wherein the stimulator controller:

configures the first adaptable current regulator as a first regulated current sink that sinks a first regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

configures the second adaptable current regulator as a second regulated current sink that sinks a second regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

configures the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein the unregulated source current is equal to approximately a sum of the first and second regulated sink currents.

20. The device of claim 17, wherein the stimulation controller:

configures the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

configures the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current less than the regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

configures the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein the unregulated sink current is equal to approximately a sum of the regulated source current and the regulated sink current, and the unregulated sink current is greater than the regulated sink current.

21. The device of claim 17, wherein the stimulation controller:

configures the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

configures the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current less than the regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

configures the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein a first voltage required to produce the unregulated sink current is less than a second voltage required to produce the regulated sink current.

22. The device of claim 17, wherein the stimulation controller:

configures the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

configures the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current less than the regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

configures the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein the unregulated source current is equal to approximately a sum of the regulated sink current and the regulated source current, and the unregulated source current is greater than the regulated source current.

23. The device of claim 17, wherein the stimulation controller:

configures the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

configures the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current less than the regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

configures the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein a first voltage required to produce the unregulated source current is greater than a second voltage required to produce the regulated source current.

24. The device of claim 17, wherein each of the adaptable current regulators comprises a plurality of parallel adaptable current regulators.

25. The device of claim 17, wherein the stimulation controller configures the adaptable current regulators to form regulated current paths or unregulated current paths on a selective basis.

26. The device of claim 25, wherein the stimulation controller configures the adaptable current regulators to form regulated current paths or unregulated current paths on a selective basis to form different common anode ring and common cathode pool configurations.

27. The device of claim 17, wherein each of the adaptable current regulators comprises a cascode transistor and an active cascode circuit that maintains a substantially constant drain-to-source voltage of the cascode transistor.

28. The device of claim 15, wherein each of the adaptable current regulators comprises an output transistor configured to carry the electrical stimulation current when the respective adaptable current regulator is operating in the regulated mode and when the respective adaptable current regulator is operating in the unregulated mode.

58. The device of claim 28, wherein the stimulation controller is configured to drive the output transistor to saturation when the adaptable current regulator is operating in the unregulated current mode.

29. A device for delivering electrical stimulation therapy to a patient, the device comprising:

means for delivering electrical stimulation current via one of a plurality of implantable electrodes;

means for delivering electrical stimulation current via another of the plurality of implantable electrodes;

an adaptable current regulator means for selectively operating in either a regulated mode in which the adaptable current regulator means operates as a regulated current path or an unregulated mode in which the adaptable current means operates as an unregulated current path;

means for controlling the adaptable current regulator means to selectively operate in the regulated mode or the unregulated mode,

wherein at least one of the electrodes delivering electrical stimulation current is coupled to the adaptable current regulator means.

30. The device of claim 29, further comprising one or more implantable leads, wherein at least some of the electrodes are carried by the leads.

31. The device of claim 29,

wherein the means for delivering comprises:

means for delivering a first amount of the electrical stimulation current via a first electrode coupled to a first adaptable current regulator means;

means for delivering a second amount of the electrical stimulation current via a second electrode coupled to a second adaptable current regulator means; and

means for delivering a third amount of the electrical stimulation current via a third electrode coupled to a third adaptable current regulator means,

wherein the means for controlling comprise;

means for configuring the first and second adaptable current regulator means to operate as regulated current paths; and

means for configuring the third adaptable current regulator means to operate as an unregulated current path.

32. The device of claim 31, wherein the means for controlling comprises:

means for configuring the first adaptable current regulator means as a first regulated current source that sources a first regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

means for configuring the second adaptable current regulator means as a second regulated current source that sources a second regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

means for configuring the third adaptable current regulator means as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein the unregulated sink current is equal to approximately a sum of the first and second regulated source currents.

33. The device of claim 31, wherein the means for controlling comprises:

means for configuring the first adaptable current regulator means as a first regulated current sink that sinks a first regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

means for configuring the second adaptable current regulator means as a second regulated current sink that sinks a second regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

means for configuring the third adaptable current regulator means as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein the unregulated source current is equal to approximately a sum of the first and second regulated sink currents.

34. The device of claim 31, wherein means for controlling comprises:

means for configuring the first adaptable current regulator means as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

means for configuring the second adaptable current regulator means as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current less than the regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

means for configuring the third adaptable current regulator means as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein the unregulated sink current is equal to approximately a sum of the regulated source current and the regulated sink current, and the unregulated sink current is greater than the regulated sink current.

35. The device of claim 31, wherein means for controlling comprises:

means for configuring the first adaptable current regulator means as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

means for configuring the second adaptable current regulator means as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current less than the regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

means for configuring the third adaptable current regulator means as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein a first voltage required to produce the unregulated sink current is less than a second voltage required to produce the regulated sink current.

36. The device of claim 31, wherein the means for controlling comprises:

means for configuring the first adaptable current regulator means as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

means for configuring the second adaptable current regulator means as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current less than the regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

means for configuring the third adaptable current regulator means as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein the unregulated source current is equal to approximately a sum of the regulated sink current and the regulated source current, and the unregulated source current is greater than the regulated source current.

37. The device of claim 31, wherein the means for controlling comprises:

means for configuring the first adaptable current regulator means as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

means for configuring the second adaptable current regulator means as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current less than the regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

means for configuring the third adaptable current regulator means as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein a first voltage required to produce the unregulated source current is greater than a second voltage required to produce the regulated source current.

38. The device of claim 31, wherein each of the first, second, and third adaptable current regulator means comprises a plurality of parallel adaptable current regulators.

39. The device of claim 31, wherein the means for controlling comprises means for configuring the first, second, and third adaptable current regulator means to form regulated current paths or unregulated current paths on a selective basis to form different electrode configurations.

40. The device of claim 31, wherein the means for controlling comprises means for configuring the first, second, and third adaptable current regulators means to form regulated current paths or unregulated current paths on a selective basis to form different common anode ring and common cathode pool configurations.

41. The device of claim 31, wherein each of the first, second, and third adaptable current regulators means comprises a cascode transistor and an active cascode circuit that maintains a substantially constant drain-to-source voltage of the cascode transistor.

42. The device of claim 29, wherein the adaptable current regulator means comprises an output transistor configured to carry the electrical stimulation current when the adaptable current regulator means is operating in the regulated mode and when the adaptable current regulator means is operating in the unregulated mode.

59. The device of claim 42, wherein the wherein the adaptable current regulator means comprises means for driving the output transistor to saturation when the adaptable current regulator is operating in the unregulated current mode.

43. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to:

deliver electrical stimulation current via one of a plurality of electrodes implanted within the patient;

deliver electrical stimulation current via another of the plurality of electrodes implanted within the patient; and

control an adaptable current regulator to selectively operate in either a regulated mode in which the adaptable current regulator operates as a regulated current path or an unregulated mode in which the adaptable current regulator operates as an unregulated current path,

wherein at least one of the electrodes delivering electrical stimulation current is coupled to the adaptable current regulator.

44. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 43, wherein at least some of the electrodes are carried by one or more leads implanted within the patient.

45. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 43,

wherein the instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to deliver electrical stimulation current further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:

deliver a first amount of the electrical stimulation current via a first electrode coupled to a first adaptable current regulator;

deliver a second amount of the electrical stimulation current via a second electrode coupled to a second adaptable current regulator; and

deliver a third amount of the electrical stimulation current via a third electrode coupled to a third adaptable current regulator, and

wherein the instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control the adaptable current regulator further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to;

configure the first and second adaptable current regulators to operate as regulated current paths; and

configure the third adaptable current regulator to operate as an unregulated current path.

46. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control the adaptable current regulator further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:

configure the first adaptable current regulator as a first regulated current source that sources a first regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

configure the second adaptable current regulator as a second regulated current source that sources a second regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

configure the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein the unregulated sink current is equal to approximately a sum of the first and second regulated source currents.

47. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control the adaptable current regulator further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:

configure the first adaptable current regulator as a first regulated current sink that sinks a first regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

configure the second adaptable current regulator as a second regulated current sink that sinks a second regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

configure the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein the unregulated source current is equal to approximately a sum of the first and second regulated sink currents.

48. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control the adaptable current regulator further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:

configure the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

configure the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current less than the regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

configure the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein the unregulated sink current is equal to approximately a sum of the regulated source current and the regulated sink current, and the unregulated sink current is greater than the regulated sink current.

49. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control the adaptable current regulator further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:

configure the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current from the first electrode;

configure the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current less than the regulated source current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current to the second electrode; and

configure the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sinks an unregulated sink current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current to the third electrode, wherein a first voltage required to produce the unregulated sink current is less than a second voltage required to produce the regulated sink current.

50. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control the adaptable current regulator further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:

configure the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

configure the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current less than the regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

configure the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein the unregulated source current is equal to approximately a sum of the regulated sink current and the regulated source current, and the unregulated source current is greater than the regulated source current.

51. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control the adaptable current regulator further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:

configure the first adaptable current regulator as a regulated current sink that sinks a regulated sink current as the first amount of the electrical stimulation current to the first electrode;

configure the second adaptable current regulator as a regulated current source that sources a regulated source current less than the regulated sink current as the second amount of the electrical stimulation current from the second electrode; and

configure the third adaptable current regulator as an unregulated current path that sources an unregulated source current as the third amount of the electrical stimulation current from the third electrode, wherein a first voltage required to produce the unregulated source current is greater than a second voltage required to produce the regulated source current.

52. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein each of the first, second, and third adaptable current regulators comprises a plurality of parallel adaptable current regulators.

53. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control the adaptable current regulator comprise instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to configure the first, second and third adaptable current regulators to form regulated current paths or unregulated current paths on a selective basis to form different electrode configurations.

54. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 53, wherein the instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to control the adaptable current regulator comprise instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to configure the first, second and third adaptable current regulators to form regulated current paths or unregulated current paths on a selective basis to form different common anode ring and common cathode pool configurations.

55. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 45, wherein each of the first, second, and third adaptable current regulators comprises a cascode transistor and an active cascode circuit that maintains a substantially constant drain-to-source voltage of the cascode transistor.

56. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 43, wherein the adaptable current regulator comprises an output transistor configured to carry the electrical stimulation current when the adaptable current regulator is operating in the regulated mode and when the adaptable current regulator is operating in the unregulated mode.

60. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 56, further comprising instructions to cause the processor to control the adaptive current regulator to drive the output transistor to saturation when the adaptable current regulator is operating in the unregulated current mode.