Optical medium with added descriptor to reduce counterfeiting

• US 9,135,948 B2
• Filed: 07/03/2009
• Issued: 09/15/2015
• Est. Priority Date: 07/03/2009
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC (Microsoft Corporation)
• Original Assignee: Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC (Microsoft Corporation)
• Inventors: Kirovski, Darko, Evans, David E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Nigh, James D
• Application Number:
  US12/497,571
• Publication Number:
  US 20110002209A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,265 Days
• Field of Search: 705 50- 59, 726 26- 30, 369/53.21
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 30/018 Certifying business or products
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00086 Circuits for prevention of unauthorised reproduction or copying, e.g. piracy indicating unauthorised use of record carriers in general G11B23/28; scrambling for television signal recording H04N5/913; network architectures or network protocols for network security H04L63/00; cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00115 wherein the record carrier stores a unique medium identifier
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00123 the record carrier being identified by recognising some of its unique characteristics, e.g. a unique defect pattern serving as a physical signature of the record carrier
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00173 wherein the origin of the content is checked, e.g. determining whether the content has originally been retrieved from a legal disc copy or another trusted source
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/0021 involving encryption or decryption of contents recorded on or reproduced from a record carrier
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 20/00579 said format change concerning the data encoding, e.g., modulation schemes violating run-length constraints, causing excessive DC content, or involving uncommon codewords or sync patterns
• CPC Class Codes: G11B 2220/2537 Optical discs

Abstract

Functionality is described for reducing the unauthorized reproduction of optical media, such as optical discs of various types. The functionality operates by adding a physical descriptor to an optical medium, forming reference descriptor information based on the descriptor, signing the reference descriptor information to produce authenticity information, and adding the authenticity information to the optical medium. At a point of consumption, the functionality operates by reading the authenticity information and reading the descriptor. Based on the information that is read, the functionality performs cryptographic analysis and descriptor-based analysis to validate the optical medium. The functionality includes various provisions to reduce the impact of wear and tear on the above-summarized analysis. The functionality can be applied to stamped or recordable optical media.

Claims

1. A method for adding authenticity information to an optical medium to reduce counterfeit duplication of the optical medium, the method comprising:

adding a descriptor having plural descriptor elements to the optical medium, the descriptor being produced with an intent of providing at least one data-level region having a length that produces indeterminate interpretations when read plural times;

reading the descriptor from the optical medium and forming reference descriptor information based on the descriptor, the reference descriptor information including element type information which conveys whether each descriptor element associated with the descriptor is one of;

a deterministic element, the interpretation of which is biased towards a single value;

or

a probabilistic element, the interpretation of which is not biased towards a single value;

cryptographically signing the reference descriptor information to provide authenticity information; and

performing physical modifications to the optical medium that add the authenticity information to the optical medium.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said physical modifications add plural descriptors to the optical medium.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein:

said reading of the descriptor comprises reading the plural descriptors to provide plural items of reference descriptor information and plural corresponding items of authenticity information, and

said performing physical modifications comprises adding the plural corresponding items of authenticity information to the optical medium.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein:

said reading of the descriptor comprises reading the descriptor based on at least two environmental conditions to provide at least two items of reference descriptor information and at least two corresponding items of authenticity information, and

said performing physical modifications comprises adding the at least two corresponding items of authenticity information to the optical medium.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein said at least two environmental conditions correspond to two respective tilt conditions, each tilt condition corresponding to an orientation of a laser with respect to the optical medium.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed in conjunction with a manufacturing operation in which the optical medium is created via a stamping process.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed in conjunction with a burning operation in which content is added to the optical medium via a content-burning process.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising supplying the optical medium with the authenticity information added thereto to a user in association with a separate article, the optical medium serving as a certificate of authenticity for the article.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising, as a condition to providing the authenticity information:

assessing digital rights associated with content that is accessible to a user, to provide rights information; and

copying content onto the optical medium at a user site, as governed by the rights information,

the method allowing the user to provide an authentic copy of the content, as governed by the rights information.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference descriptor information comprises a vector that expresses the element type information as a set of data items, each data item having one of at least two values, a first value indicating that a corresponding descriptor element is deterministic or a second value indicating that the corresponding descriptor element is probabilistic.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the reference descriptor information comprises a vector that expresses the element type information as a set of readings, each reading indicating a number of times a corresponding descriptor element has been interpreted as a particular value, which indicates, in turn, whether the corresponding descriptor element is deterministic element or probabilistic element.

12. The optical medium produced by the method of claim 1 having the descriptor and authenticity information thereon.

13. An optical medium having authenticity information added thereto to reduce counterfeit duplication of the optical medium, the optical medium comprising:

a physical descriptor having plural descriptor elements added to the optical medium, the plural descriptor elements corresponding to data-level regions on the optical medium having lengths that produce indeterminate interpretations when read plural times;

reference descriptor information based on the physical descriptor, the reference descriptor information reflecting characteristics of the plural descriptor elements corresponding to the data-level regions having the lengths that produce the indeterminate interpretations; and

authenticity information, wherein the authenticity information comprises a cryptographic signature applied to the reference descriptor information.

14. The optical medium of claim 13, wherein the reference descriptor information includes element type information that identifies a first subset of the plural descriptor elements as deterministic elements and a second subset of the plural descriptor elements as probabilistic elements.

15. The optical medium of claim 13, wherein the reference descriptor information indicates numbers of times the data-level regions are interpreted as a given number of cycles.

16. The optical medium of claim 13, wherein the cryptographic signature comprises a signed hash of the reference descriptor information that is signed with a private key, the private key having a corresponding public key usable to decrypt the cryptographic signature.

17. The optical medium of claim 16, wherein the signed hash is a hash of a concatenation of the reference descriptor information and text associated with the optical medium.

18. The optical medium of claim 16, wherein the authenticity information comprises the signed hash and the reference descriptor information.

19. An optical disc having authenticity information added thereto to reduce counterfeit duplication of the optical disc, the optical disc comprising:

a physical descriptor having plural descriptor elements added to the optical disc, the physical descriptor being produced by providing at least one data-level region having a length that produces indeterminate interpretations when read plural times;

reference descriptor information formed based on the physical descriptor, the reference descriptor information including element type information which conveys whether the plural descriptor elements are;

deterministic elements, or

probabilistic elements; and

authenticity information, wherein the authenticity information comprises a cryptographical signature applied to the reference descriptor information.

20. The optical disc of claim 19, wherein the deterministic elements are relatively more likely than the probabilistic elements to consistently produce a single value when read multiple times.