Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resource allocation (RA) for a hybrid automatic retransmission re-quest-acknowledge (HARQ-ACK) transmission

• US 9,191,326 B2
• Filed: 11/26/2014
• Issued: 11/17/2015
• Est. Priority Date: 10/26/2012
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Intel Corporation
• Inventors: Han, Seunghee, Zhu, Yuan, Fwu, Jong-Kae, Chen, Xiaogang
• Primary Examiner(s): Zaidi, Iqbal
• Application Number:
  US14/555,317
• Publication Number:
  US 20150085722A1
• Time in Patent Office: 356 Days
• Field of Search: 370280-339
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: H04J 3/1694 Allocation of channels in TDM/TDMA networks, e.g. distributed multiplexers Passive Optical Networks H04Q11/0062
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/1671 the supervisory signal being transmitted together with control information
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 1/1861 Physical mapping arrangements for ACK signaling see also H04L5/0053
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 12/1407 Policy-and-charging control [PCC] architecture
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 47/12 Avoiding congestion; Recovering from congestion
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 47/38 by adapting coding or compression rate
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 5/14 Two-way operation using the same type of signal, i.e. duplex
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 24/10 Scheduling measurement reports ; Arrangements for measurement reports
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 28/0289 Congestion control load shedding arrangements in network planning H04W16/08; performing reselection for handling the traffic H04W36/22; wireless traffic scheduling H04W72/12
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 72/0446 Resources in time domain, e.g. slots or frames
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 72/21 in the uplink direction of a wireless link, i.e. towards the network
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 72/23 in the downlink direction of a wireless link, i.e. towards a terminal
• CPC Class Codes: Y02D 30/70 in wireless communication networks

Abstract

Technology to provide physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resource allocation in time division duplex (TDD) for a hybrid automatic retransmission request-acknowledge (HARQ-ACK) transmission in a subframe n is disclosed. In an example, a user equipment (UE) can include first circuitry configured to detect a downlink control channel within a prior specified subframe that is received in time before the subframe n. The UE can include second circuitry configured to: determine that the downlink control channel detected within the prior specified subframe is one of a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH); and determine one of a legacy PUCCH resource for the HARQ-ACK transmission when the downlink control channel detected within the prior specified subframe is the PDCCH or an enhanced PUCCH resource for the HARQ-ACK transmission when the downlink control channel detected within the prior specified subframe is the EPDCCH.

Claims

1. A user equipment (UE) operable to provide physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resource allocation in time division duplex (TDD) for a hybrid automatic retransmission re-quest-acknowledge (HARQ-ACK) transmission in a subframe n, comprising:

first circuitry configured to detect a downlink control channel within a prior specified subframe n−

k that is received in time before the subframe n, wherein n and k are integers; and

second circuitry configured to;

determine that the downlink control channel detected within the prior specified subframe n−

k is one of a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH); and

select a legacy PUCCH resource for the HARQ-ACK transmission in the subframe n when the downlink control channel detected within the prior specified subframe n−

k is the PDCCH and an enhanced PUCCH resource for the HARQ-ACK transmission in the subframe n when the downlink control channel detected within the prior specified subframe is the EPDCCH,

wherein kε

K, where a downlink association set index K is defined in a Table 10.1.3.1-1 in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard Release 11 Technical Specification (TS) 36.213, and K includes a set of M elements {k₀, k₁, . . . k_M-1} depending on the subframe n and an uplink/downlink (UL/DL) configuration.

2. The circuitry of claim 1, further configured to determine the PUCCH resource for the prior specified subframe n−

k using an integer m, where a k_m is the smallest value in a set K such that the UE detects an EPDCCH in a subframe n−

k_m.

3. The UE of claim 2, wherein for one configured serving cell and the subframe n, with M=1 where M is a number of elements in the set Kε

{k₀,k₁, . . . k_M-1};

the second circuitry is further configured to determine the enhanced PUCCH resource n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)})} for the HARQ-ACK transmission using a lowest ECCE index n_ECCE of the EPDCCH uses the enhanced PUCCH resource n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)})} represented by n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)}0)}=n_ECCE+Value for antenna port p₀ and n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)}i)}=n_ECCE+Value+1 for antenna port p₁, where Value is the parameter, n_ECCE is the number of the first ECCE used for transmission of the corresponding EPDCCH for the EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} subframe n−

k_m and a corresponding m, where k_m is the smallest value in set K such that UE detects an EPDCCH for the EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} in subframe n−

k_m, and antenna port p₁ is used when two antenna port transmission is configured;

or

the second circuitry is further configured to determine the legacy PUCCH resource n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)})} for a HARQ-ACK transmission using a lowest CCE index n_CCE of the PDCCH selects a c value out of {0, 1, 2, 3} which makes N_c≦

n_CCE<

N_c+1 and uses the legacy PUCCH resource n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)})} represented by n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)}0)}=(M−

m−

1)·

N_c+m·

N_c+1+n_CCE+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ for antenna port p₀ and n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)}1)}=(M−

M−

1)·

N_c+m·

N_c+1+n_CCE+1+n_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ for antenna port p₁, where n_CCE is a first CCE index number used for transmission of a corresponding PDCCH in subframe n−

k_m and the corresponding m, where k_m is the smallest value in set K such that UE detects a PDCCH in subframe n−

k_m, N_c=max{0,└

[N_RB^DL·

(N_sc^RB·

c−

4)]/36┘

}, N_RB^DL is a downlink bandwidth configuration, expressed in units of N_sc^RB, N_sc^RB is a resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers, and N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ is a starting PUCCH channel index for a PUCCH region in an uplink subframe and is configured by high layers for each UE, and antenna port p₁ is used when two antenna port transmission is configured.

4. The UE of claim 2, wherein for one configured serving cell and a subframe n with M>

1 where M is the number of elements in the set Kε

{k₀,k₁, . . . k_M-1} and 0≦

i≦

M−

1;

the second circuitry is further configured to determine the enhanced PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,i⁽¹⁾ for the HARQ-ACK transmission using a lowest ECCE index n_ECCE,i is represented by n_PUCCH,i⁽¹⁾=n_ECCE,i+Value, where Value is the parameter, n_ECCE,i is the number of the first ECCE used for transmission of the corresponding EPDCCH for the EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} in subframe n−

k_i;

or

the second circuitry is further configured to determine the legacy PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,i⁽¹⁾ for a HARQ-ACK transmission using a lowest CCE index n_CCE,i is represented by n_PUCCH,i⁽¹⁾=(M−

i−

1)·

N_c+i·

N_c+1+n_CCE,i+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾, where c is selected from {0, 1, 2, 3} such that N_c≦

n_CCE,i<

N_c+1, n_CCE,i is a first CCE index number used for transmission of a corresponding PDCCH in subframe n−

k_i, N_c=max{0,└

[N_RB^DL·

(N_sc^RB·

c−

4)]/36┘

}, N_RB^DL is a downlink bandwidth configuration, expressed in units of N_sc^RB, N_sc^RB is a resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers, and N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ is a starting PUCCH channel index for a PUCCH region in an uplink subframe and is configured by high layers for each UE.

5. The UE of claim 2, wherein for at least two configured serving cells and a subframe n with M≦

2 where M is the number of elements in the set Kε

{k₀,k₁, . . . k_M-1}, k_mε

K on a primary cell, and 0≦

j≦

A−

1 and Aε

{2,3,4};

the second circuitry is further configured to determine the enhanced PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,j⁽¹⁾ for the HARQ-ACK transmission using a lowest ECCE index n_ECCE,m is represented by n_PUCCH,j⁽¹⁾=n_ECCE,m+Value and n_PUCCH,j+1⁽¹⁾=n_ECCE,m+Value+1, where Value is the parameter, n_ECCE,m is the number of the first ECCE used for transmission of the corresponding DCI assignment by EPDCCH for the EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} in subframe n−

k_m, and n_PUCCH,j+1⁽¹⁾ is used for a subframe n and a transmission mode that support up to two transport block on a serving cell where a corresponding PDSCH transmission occurs;

or

the second circuitry is further configured to determine the legacy PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,j⁽¹⁾ for a HARQ-ACK transmission using a lowest CCE index n_CCE,m is represented by n_PUCCH,j⁽¹⁾=(M−

m−

1)·

N_c+m·

N_c+1+n_CCE,m+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ and n_PUCCH,j+1⁽¹⁾=(M−

m−

1)·

N_c+m·

N_c+1+n_CCE,m+1+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾, where c is selected from {0, 1, 2, 3} such that N_c≦

n_CCE,m<

N_c+1, n_CCE,m is a first index number used for transmission of a corresponding PDCCH in subframe n−

k_m, N_c=max{0,└

[N_RB^DL·

(N_sc^RB·

c−

4)]/36┘

}, N_RB^DL is a downlink bandwidth configuration from the primary cell, expressed in units of N_sc^RB, N_sc^RB is a resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers, and N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ is a starting PUCCH channel index for a PUCCH region in an uplink subframe and is configured by high layers for each UE, and n_PUCCH,j+1⁽¹⁾ is used for a subframe n and a transmission mode that support up to two transport block on a serving cell where a corresponding physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission occurs.

6. The UE of claim 2, wherein for at least two configured serving cells and a subframe n with M>

2 where M is the number of elements in the set Kε

{k₀,k₁, . . . k_M-1}, kε

K, k_mε

K for a primary cell;

the second circuitry is further configured to determine the enhanced PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,1⁽¹⁾ for the HARQ-ACK transmission using a lowest ECCE index n_ECCE,m is represented by n_PUCCH,1⁽¹⁾=n_ECCE,m+Value, where Value is the parameter, n_ECCE,m is the number of the first ECCE used for transmission of the corresponding EPDCCH for the EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} in subframe n−

k_m;

or

the second circuitry is further configured to determine the legacy PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,1⁽¹⁾ for a HARQ-ACK transmission using a lowest CCE index n_CCE,m is represented by n_PUCCH,1⁽¹⁾=(M−

m−

1)·

N_c+m·

N_c+1+n_CCE,m+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾, where c is selected from {0, 1, 2, 3} such that N_c≦

n_CCE,m<

N_c+1, n_CCE,m is a first CCE index number used for transmission of a corresponding PDCCH in subframe n−

k_m, N_c=max{0,└

[N_RB^DL·

(N_sc^RB·

c−

4)]/36┘

}, N_RB^DL is a downlink bandwidth configuration from the primary cell, expressed in units of N_sc^RB, N_sc^RB is a resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers, and N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ is a starting PUCCH channel index for a PUCCH region in an uplink subframe and is configured by high layers for each UE.

7. The UE of claim 1, wherein the UE includes an antenna, a touch sensitive display screen, a speaker, a microphone, a graphics processor, an application processor, an internal memory, or a non-volatile memory port.

8. A non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with computer executable instructions, which when accessed, cause a machine to perform operations for conditional time division duplex (TDD) physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resource allocation for a hybrid automatic retransmission re-quest-acknowledge (HARQ-ACK) transmission in a subframe n at a user equipment (UE), comprising:

detecting a downlink control channel within a prior specified subframe n−

k that is received in time before the subframe n, wherein n and k are integers;

determining that the downlink control channel detected within the prior specified subframe n−

k is one of a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH); and

selecting a legacy PUCCH resource for the HARQ-ACK transmission in the subframe n using a lowest control channel element (CCE) index of the PDCCH when the detected downlink control channel received within the prior specified subframe n−

k is the PDCCH and an enhanced PUCCH resource for the HARQ-ACK transmission in the subframe n using a lowest enhanced control channel element (ECCE) index of the EPDCCH when the downlink control channel detected within the prior specified subframe n−

k is the EPDCCH,

wherein kε

K, where a downlink association set index K is defined in a Table 10.1.3.1-1 in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard Release 11 Technical Specification (TS) 36.213, and K includes a set of M elements {k₀,k₁, . . . k_M-1} depending on the subframe n and a uplink/downlink (UL/DL) configuration.

9. The non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with computer executable instructions of claim 8, further comprising determining the enhanced PUCCH resource using a parameter Value represent by Value=ARO+AP+(m+1)·

N_PUCCH^(1,k) where acknowledgement (ACK)/negative ACK (ACK/NACK) Resource Offset (ARO) is an integer offset value derived from a downlink control information (DCI) in the EPDCCH, an antenna port (AP) is parameter (0, . . . ,

     3), a N_PUCCH^(1,k) is a UE specific starting offset value for an EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)}, and m is an integer, where k_m is the smallest value in a set K such that the UE detects an EPDCCH for an EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} in a subframe n−

k_m.

10. The non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with computer executable instructions of claim 9, wherein for one configured serving cell and the subframe n with M=1:

further comprising determining the legacy PUCCH resource n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)})} for a HARQ-ACK transmission using the lowest CCE index n_CCE of the PDCCH further comprises selecting a c value out of {0, 1, 2, 3} which makes N_c≦

n_CCE<

N_c+1 and using the legacy PUCCH resource n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)})} represented by n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)}0)}=(M−

m−

1)·

N_c+m·

N_c+1+n_CCE+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ for antenna port p₀ and n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)}1)}=(M−

m−

1)·

N_c+m·

N_c+1+n_CCE+1+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ for antenna port p₁, where n_CCE is a first CCE index number used for transmission of a corresponding PDCCH in subframe n−

k_m and the corresponding m, where k_m is the smallest value in set K such that UE detects a PDCCH in subframe n−

k_m, N_c=max{0,└

[N_RB^DL·

(N_sc^RB·

c−

4)]/36┘

}, N_RB^DL is a downlink bandwidth configuration, expressed in units of N_sc^RB, N_sc^RB is a resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers, and N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ is a starting PUCCH channel index for a PUCCH region in an uplink subframe and is configured by high layers for each UE, wherein antenna port p₁ is used when two antenna port transmission is configured;

or

further comprising determining the enhanced PUCCH resource n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)})} for the HARQ-ACK transmission using the lowest ECCE index n_ECCE of the EPDCCH further comprises using the enhanced PUCCH resource n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)})} represented by n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)}0)}=n_ECCE+Value for antenna port p₀ and n_PUCCH^{(1,{tilde over (p)}1)}=n_ECCE+Value+1 for antenna port p₁, where n_ECCE is the number of the first ECCE used for transmission of the corresponding EPDCCH for the EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} in subframe n−

k_m and a corresponding m, where k_m is the smallest value in set K such that UE detects an EPDCCH for the EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} in subframe n−

k_m, and antenna port p₁ is used when two antenna port transmission is configured.

11. The non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with computer executable instructions of claim 9, wherein for one configured serving cell and the subframe n with M>

1 where 0≦

i≦

M−

1;

further comprising determining the legacy PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,i⁽¹⁾ for a HARQ-ACK transmission using the lowest CCE index n_CCE,i is represented by n_PUCCH,i⁽¹⁾=(M−

i−

1)·

N_c+i·

N_c+1+n_CCE,i+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾, where c is selected from {0, 1, 2, 3} such that N_c≦

n_CEE,i<

N_c+1, n_CCE,i is a first CCE index number used for transmission of a corresponding PDCCH in subframe n−

k_i, N_c=max{0,└

[N_RB^DL·

(N_sc^RB·

c−

4)]/36┘

}, N_RB^DL is a downlink bandwidth configuration, expressed in units of N_sc^RB, N_sc^RB is a resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers, and N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ is a starting PUCCH channel index for a PUCCH region in an uplink subframe and is configured by high layers for each UE;

or

further comprising determining the enhanced PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,i⁽¹⁾ for the HARQ-ACK transmission using the lowest ECCE index n_ECCE,i is represented by n_PUCCH,i⁽¹⁾=n_ECCE,i+Value, where n_ECCE,i is the number of the first ECCE used for transmission of the corresponding EPDCCH for the EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} in subframe n−

k_i.

12. The non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with computer executable instructions of claim 9, wherein for at least two configured serving cells and a subframe n with M≦

2 where k_mε

K on a primary cell, and 0≦

j≦

A−

1 and Aε

{2,3,4};

further comprising determining the legacy PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,j⁽¹⁾ for a HARQ-ACK transmission using the lowest CCE index n_CCE,m is represented by n_PUCCH,j⁽¹⁾=(M−

m−

1)·

N_c+m·

N_c+1+n_CCE,m+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ and n_PUCCH,j+1⁽¹⁾=(M−

m−

1)·

N_c+m·

N_c+1+n_CCE,m+1+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾, where c is selected from {0, 1, 2, 3} such that N_c≦

n_CCE,m<

N_c+1, n_CCE,m is a first CCE index number used for transmission of a corresponding PDCCH in subframe n−

k_i, N_c=max{0,└

[N_RB^DL·

(N_sc^RB·

c−

4)]/36┘

}, N_RB^DL is a downlink bandwidth configuration from the primary cell, expressed in units of N_sc^RB, N_sc^RB is a resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers, and N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ is a starting PUCCH channel index for a PUCCH region in an uplink subframe and is configured by high layers for each UE, wherein n_PUCCH,j+1⁽¹⁾ is used for a subframe n and a transmission mode that support up to two transport block on a serving cell where a corresponding physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission occurs;

or

further comprising determining the enhanced PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,j⁽¹⁾ for the HARQ-ACK transmission using the lowest ECCE index n_ECCE,m is represented by n_PUCCH,j⁽¹⁾=n_ECCE,m+Value and n_PUCCH,j+1⁽¹⁾=n_ECCE,m+Value+1, where n_ECCE,m is the number of the first ECCE used for transmission of the corresponding DCI assignment by EPDCCH for the EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} in subframe n−

k_m, and n_PUCCH,j+1⁽¹⁾ is used for a subframe n and a transmission mode that support up to two transport block on a serving cell where a corresponding PDSCH transmission occurs.

13. The non-transitory computer readable medium encoded with computer executable instructions of claim 9, wherein for at least two configured serving cells and a subframe n with M>

2 where kε

K, k_m ε

K for a primary cell;

further comprising determining the legacy PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,1⁽¹⁾ for a HARQ-ACK transmission using the lowest CCE index n_CCE,m is represented by n_PUCCH,1⁽¹⁾=(M−

m−

1)·

N_c+m·

N_c+1+n_CCE,m+N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾, where c is selected from {0, 1, 2, 3} such that N_c≦

n_CCE,m<

N_c+1, n_CCE,m is a first CCE index number used for transmission of a corresponding PDCCH in subframe n−

k_m, N_c=max{0,└

[N_RB^DL·

(N_sc^RB·

c−

4)]/36┘

}, N_RB^DL is a downlink bandwidth configuration from the primary cell, expressed in units of N_sc^RB, N_sc^RB is a resource block size in the frequency domain, expressed as a number of subcarriers, and N_PUCCH⁽¹⁾ is a starting PUCCH channel index for a PUCCH region in an uplink subframe and is configured by high layers for each UE;

or

further comprising determining the enhanced PUCCH resource n_PUCCH,1⁽¹⁾ for the HARQ-ACK transmission using the lowest ECCE index n_ECCE,m is represented by n_PUCCH,1⁽¹⁾=n_ECCE,m+Value, where n_ECCE,m is the number of the first ECCE used for transmission of the corresponding EPDCCH for the EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} subframe n−

k_m.

14. A user equipment (UE) operable to provide physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resource allocation in time division duplex (TDD) for a hybrid automatic retransmission re-quest-acknowledge (HARQ-ACK) transmission in a subframe n, the UE having one or more processors configured to:

identify that a downlink control channel detected within a prior specified subframe n−

k is a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) or an enhanced physical downlink control channel (EPDCCH), wherein the prior specified subframe n−

k is received in time before the subframe n, wherein n and k are integers, using the one or more processors of the UE;

select a legacy PUCCH resource for the HARQ-ACK transmission in the subframe n using a lowest control channel element (CCE) index of a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) when the downlink control channel is the PDCCH, using the one or more processors of the UE; and

select an enhanced PUCCH resource for the HARQ-ACK transmission in the subframe n using a lowest enhanced CCE (ECCE) index of the EPDCCH when the downlink control channel type is the EPDCCH, using the one or more processors of the UE,

wherein the downlink control channel type is received in the prior specified subframe n−

k, where kε

K, where a downlink association set index K is defined in a Table 10.1.3.1-1 in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard Release 11 Technical Specification (TS) 36.213, and K includes a set of M elements {k₀,k₁, . . . k_M-1} depending on the subframe n and a uplink/downlink (UL/DL) configuration.

15. The UE of claim 14, further configured to determine the enhanced PUCCH resource for the prior specified subframe n−

k using an integer m, where a k_m is the smallest value in a set K such that the UE detects an EPDCCH in a subframe n−

k_m.

16. The UE of claim 14, further configured to decode the enhanced PUCCH resource using a parameter Value represent by Value=ARO+AP+(m+1)·

N_PUCCH^(1,k) where acknowledgement (ACK)/negative ACK (ACK/NACK) Resource Offset (ARO) is an integer offset value derived from a downlink control information (DCI) in the EPDCCH, an antenna port (AP) is parameter (0, . . . ,

     3), a N_PUCCH^(1,k) is a UE specific starting offset value for an EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)}, and m is an integer, where k_m is the smallest value in a set K such that the UE detects an EPDCCH for an EPDCCH set {tilde over (k)} in subframe n−

k_m.

17. The UE of claim 14, wherein the UE includes an antenna, a touch sensitive display screen, a speaker, a microphone, a graphics processor, an application processor, an internal memory, or a non-volatile memory port.