System and method for the recovery of fuel cell catalyst performance

• US 9,225,029 B2
• Filed: 08/16/2011
• Issued: 12/29/2015
• Est. Priority Date: 08/16/2011
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: US Department of Energy (Government of the United States of America)
• Original Assignee: Nissan North America Incorporated (Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.)
• Inventors: Han, Taehee, Dale, Nilesh, Adjemian, Kevork
• Primary Examiner(s): Ridley, Basia
• Assistant Examiner(s): ERWIN, JAMES M
• Application Number:
  US13/210,827
• Publication Number:
  US 20130045431A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,596 Days
• Field of Search: 429/431, 180/65.21
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 3/0053 relating to fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 58/31 for starting of fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2250/20 Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/008 Disposal or recycling of fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04 Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04559 of fuel cell stacks
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04589 of fuel cell stacks
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04664 Failure or abnormal function
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04679 of fuel cell stacks
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/04753 of fuel cell reactants
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/18 Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/40 Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02W 30/84 Recycling of batteries or fuel cells

Abstract

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for recovering performance of fuel cells by recovering fuel cell catalyst activity. One system for recovering catalyst performance of a fuel cell stack made of one or more fuel cells in a vehicle comprises a sensor for detecting an EOL state of the fuel cell. A notification device notifies a user when the sensor detects the EOL state of the fuel cell. Means for drawing a steady-state load from the fuel cell stack is used to operate the fuel cell stack until the catalyst performance is recovered.

Claims

1. A system for recovering catalyst performance of a fuel cell in a vehicle, the system comprising:

a sensor located in the vehicle that detects a fuel cell parameter during use of the vehicle throughout a first life cycle of the fuel cell, during which cell potential is cycled due at least to vehicle starting and stopping;

a fuel gas supply configured to supply fuel gas to an anode side of the fuel cell during a recovery process;

an oxidant supply configured to supply oxidant to a cathode side of the fuel cell during the recovery process; and

a recovery controller with a memory located in the vehicle and programmed to;

determine an end of life state of the fuel cell in the vehicle based on a signal from the sensor and preprogrammed end of life criteria;

notify with a notification device when the end of life state of the fuel cell is determined;

control a continuous feed of the fuel gas supplied only to the anode side and a continuous feed of the oxidant supplied only to the cathode side;

control continuous operation of the fuel cell in a steady-state by controlling a steady-state load generator to draw a steady current throughout the recovery process without cycling, thereby removing oxides from a catalyst surface to recover the catalyst performance of the fuel cell;

determine a recovery state of the fuel cell based on a recovery parameter and preprogrammed recovery criteria, the recovery state indicating that the catalyst performance has been recovered; and

allow operation of the fuel cell in the steady-state to cease when the recovery is detected.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell parameter is a number of hours of operation and the detected end of life state is a predetermined number of hours of operation.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell parameter is a number of miles driven and the detected end of life state is a predetermined number of miles driven.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the fuel cell parameter is one or both of an outlet voltage of the fuel cell and a current drawn by the fuel cell and the detected end of life state is a predetermined iV value.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the steady-state load generator comprises one or more internal load drawing accessories of the vehicle that draw the steady-state load while the vehicle is stationary.

6. The system of claim 1 further comprising:

a timer that automatically stops the steady-state load generator when a predetermined period has elapsed, the predetermined period determined as a period sufficient to recover the catalyst performance of the fuel cell.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the recovery parameter is an amount of time of operation of the steady-state load generator.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the recovery parameter is an output voltage of the fuel cell.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the recovery state is at or near a beginning of life state of the fuel cell.

10. The system of claim 1, wherein the fuel gas supply is an external fuel gas supply that is external to the vehicle and that continually supplies external fuel gas to the fuel cell while the steady-state load generator is operating.

11. The system of claim 10, wherein the external fuel gas supply is connected to and continually supplies external fuel gas directly to the fuel cell via a bypass valve provided on the vehicle configured to route fuel gas from the external fuel gas supply to the fuel cell.

12. The system of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is a non-precious metal group catalyst.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the non-precious metal group catalyst is a metal-nitrogen-carbon type catalyst.

14. The system of claim 1, wherein the steady current is between about 0.3 to 0.5 A/cm2.

15. A method of recovering catalyst performance of the system of claim 1, the method comprising:

detecting a performance parameter of a fuel cell with a sensor during use of the vehicle throughout normal operation of the vehicle, during which cell potential is cycled due at least to vehicle starting and stopping;

determining based on the detected performance parameter that the fuel cell is at or near an end of life state based on predetermined end of life criteria;

presenting a notification with a notification device when the performance parameter is at or near the end of life state of the fuel cell; and

recovering the catalyst performance of the fuel cell outside of the normal operation of the vehicle by;

controlling a continuous supply of fuel gas from a fuel gas supply to the anode side of the fuel cell;

controlling a continuous supply of oxidant from an oxidant supply to the cathode side of the fuel cell; and

drawing a steady current from the fuel cell continuously without cycling until a recovery state is detected, thereby removing oxides from a catalyst surface to recover the catalyst performance of the fuel cell.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the performance parameter is one or more of current drawn, voltage outputted, hours of operation and distance traveled.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein drawing the steady current comprises operating one or more internal load drawing accessories of the vehicle while the vehicle is stationary.

18. The method of claim 15 further comprising:

detecting the recovery state of the fuel cell with the sensor, the recovery state indicating that the fuel cell is at or near the beginning of life state; and

stopping the drawing the steady current when the recovery state is detected by the sensor.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein detecting the recovery state comprises measuring one or more of an amount of time of drawing the steady current or the amount of voltage output from the fuel cell.

20. The method of claim 15, wherein the fuel gas supply is

an external fuel gas supply that supplies external fuel gas to the fuel cell while drawing the steady-state load.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the external fuel gas is supplied to one of a fuel gas tank or a bypass valve on the fuel cell.

22. The system of claim 8, wherein the recovery state is reached when the output voltage of the fuel cell reaches a steady state.

23. The system of claim 6, wherein the predetermined period of time is between 15 and 20 hours at ambient pressure.